卷五·秦本纪第五
卷五·秦本纪第五
司马迁
秦之先，帝颛顼之苗裔孙曰女脩。女脩织，玄鸟陨卵，女脩吞之，生子大业。大业取少典之子，曰女华。女华生大费，与禹平水土。已成，帝锡玄圭。禹受曰：“非予能成，亦大费为辅。”帝舜曰：“咨尔费，赞禹功，其赐尔皂游。尔后嗣将大出。”乃妻之姚姓之玉女。大费拜受，佐舜调驯鸟兽，鸟兽多驯服，是为柏翳。舜赐姓嬴氏。
大费生子二人：一曰大廉，实鸟俗氏；二曰若木，实费氏。其玄孙曰费昌，子孙或在中国，或在夷狄。费昌当夏桀之时，去夏归商，为汤御，以败桀于鸣条。大廉玄孙曰孟戏、中衍，鸟身人言。帝太戊闻而卜之使御，吉，遂致使御而妻之。自太戊以下，中衍之后，遂世有功，以佐殷国，故嬴姓多显，遂为诸侯。
其玄孙曰中潏，在西戎，保西垂。生蜚廉。蜚廉生恶来。恶来有力，蜚廉善走，父子俱以材力事殷纣。周武王之伐纣，并杀恶来。是时蜚廉为纣石北方，还，无所报，为坛霍太山而报，得石棺，铭曰“帝令处父不与殷乱，赐尔石棺以华氏”。死，遂葬于霍太山。蜚廉复有子曰季胜。季胜生孟增。孟增幸于周成王，是为宅皋狼。皋狼生衡父，衡父生造父。造父以善御幸于周缪王，得骥、温骊、骅骝、騄耳之驷，西巡狩，乐而忘归。徐偃王作乱，造父为缪王御，长驱归周，一日千里以救乱。缪王以赵城封造父，造父族由此为赵氏。自蜚廉生季胜已下五世至造父，别居赵。赵衰其后也。恶来革者，蜚廉子也，蚤死。有子曰女防。女防生旁皋，旁皋生太几，太几生大骆，大骆生非子。以造父之宠，皆蒙赵城，姓赵氏。
非子居犬丘，好马及畜，善养息之。犬丘人言之周孝王，孝王召使主马于汧渭之间，马大蕃息。孝王欲以为大骆適嗣。申侯之女为大骆妻，生子成为適。申侯乃言孝王曰：“昔我先郦山之女，为戎胥轩妻，生中潏，以亲故归周，保西垂，西垂以其故和睦。今我复与大骆妻，生適子成。申骆重婚，西戎皆服，所以为王。王其图之。”于是孝王曰：“昔伯翳为舜主畜，畜多息，故有土，赐姓嬴。今其后世亦为朕息马，朕其分土为附庸。”邑之秦，使复续嬴氏祀，号曰秦嬴。亦不废申侯之女子为骆適者，以和西戎。
秦嬴生秦侯。秦侯立十年，卒。生公伯。公伯立三年，卒。生秦仲。
秦仲立三年，周厉王无道，诸侯或叛之。西戎反王室，灭犬丘大骆之族。周宣王即位，乃以秦仲为大夫，诛西戎。西戎杀秦仲。秦仲立二十三年，死于戎。有子五人，其长者曰庄公。周宣王乃召庄公昆弟五人，与兵七千人，使伐西戎，破之。于是复予秦仲后，及其先大骆地犬丘并有之，为西垂大夫。
庄公居其故西犬丘，生子三人，其长男世父。世父曰：“戎杀我大父仲，我非杀戎王则不敢入邑。”遂将击戎，让其弟襄公。襄公为太子。庄公立四十四年，卒，太子襄公代立。襄公元年，以女弟缪嬴为丰王妻。襄公二年，戎围犬丘，世父击之，为戎人所虏。岁余，复归世父。七年春，周幽王用襃姒废太子，立襃姒子为適，数欺诸侯，诸侯叛之。西戎犬戎与申侯伐周，杀幽王郦山下。而秦襄公将兵救周，战甚力，有功。周避犬戎难，东徙雒邑，襄公以兵送周平王。平王封襄公为诸侯，赐之岐以西之地。曰：“戎无道，侵夺我岐、丰之地，秦能攻逐戎，即有其地。”与誓，封爵之。襄公于是始国，与诸侯通使聘享之礼，乃用骝驹、黄牛、羝羊各三，祠上帝西畤。十二年，伐戎而至岐，卒。生文公。
文公元年，居西垂宫。三年，文公以兵七百人东猎。四年，至汧渭之会。曰：“昔周邑我先秦嬴于此，后卒获为诸侯。”乃卜居之，占曰吉，即营邑之。十年，初为鄜畤，用三牢。十三年，初有史以纪事，民多化者。十六年，文公以兵伐戎，戎败走。于是文公遂收周余民有之，地至岐，岐以东献之周。十九年，得陈宝。二十年，法初有三族之罪。二十七年，伐南山大梓，丰大特。四十八年，文公太子卒，赐谥为竫公。竫公之长子为太子，是文公孙也。五十年，文公卒，葬西山。竫公子立，是为宁公。
宁公二年，公徙居平阳。遣兵伐荡社。三年，与亳战，亳王奔戎，遂灭荡社。四年，鲁公子翚弑其君隐公。十二年，伐荡氏，取之。宁公生十岁立，立十二年卒，葬西山。生子三人，长男武公为太子。武公弟德公，同母鲁姬子。生出子。宁公卒，大庶长弗忌、威垒、三父废太子而立出子为君。出子六年，三父等复共令人贼杀出子。出子生五岁立，立六年卒。三父等乃复立故太子武公。
武公元年，伐彭戏氏，至于华山下，居平阳封宫。三年，诛三父等而夷三族，以其杀出子也。郑高渠眯杀其君昭公。十年，伐邽、冀戎，初县之。十一年，初县杜、郑。灭小虢。
十三年，齐人管至父、连称等杀其君襄公而立公孙无知。晋灭霍、魏、耿。齐雍廪杀无知、管至父等而立齐桓公。齐、晋为强国。
十九年，晋曲沃始为晋侯。齐桓公伯于鄄。
二十年，武公卒，葬雍平阳。初以人从死，从死者六十六人。有子一人，名曰白，白不立，封平阳。立其弟德公。
德公元年，初居雍城大郑宫。以牺三百牢祠鄜畤。卜居雍。后子孙饮马于河。梁伯、芮伯来朝。二年，初伏，以狗御蛊。德公生三十三岁而立，立二年卒。生子三人：长子宣公，中子成公，少子穆公。长子宣公立。
宣公元年，卫、燕伐周，出惠王，立王子穨。三年，郑伯、虢叔杀子穨而入惠王。四年，作密畤。与晋战河阳，胜之。十二年，宣公卒。生子九人，莫立，立其弟成公。
成公元年，梁伯、芮伯来朝。齐桓公伐山戎，次于孤竹。
成公立四年卒。子七人，莫立，立其弟缪公。
缪公任好元年，自将伐茅津，胜之。四年，迎妇于晋，晋太子申生姊也。其岁，齐桓公伐楚，至邵陵。
五年，晋献公灭虞、虢，虏虞君与其大夫百里傒，以璧马赂于虞故也。既虏百里傒，以为秦缪公夫人媵于秦。百里傒亡秦走宛，楚鄙人执之。缪公闻百里傒贤，欲重赎之，恐楚人不与，乃使人谓楚曰：“吾媵臣百里傒在焉，请以五羖羊皮赎之。”。楚人遂许与之。当是时，百里傒年已七十余。缪公释其囚，与语国事。谢曰：“臣亡国之臣，何足问！”缪公曰：“虞君不用子，故亡，非子罪也。”固问，语三日，缪公大说，授之国政，号曰五羖大夫。百里傒让曰：“臣不及臣友蹇叔，蹇叔贤而世莫知。臣常游困于齐而乞食饣至人，蹇叔收臣。臣因而欲事齐君无知，蹇叔止臣，臣得脱齐难，遂之周。周王子穨好牛，臣以养牛干之。及穨欲用臣，蹇叔止臣，臣去，得不诛。事虞君，蹇叔止臣。臣知虞君不用臣，臣诚私利禄爵，且留。再用其言，得脱，一不用，及虞君难：是以知其贤。”于是缪公使人厚币迎蹇叔，以为上大夫。
秋，缪公自将伐晋，战于河曲。晋骊姬作乱，太子申生死新城，重耳、夷吾出奔。
九年，齐桓公会诸侯于葵丘。
晋献公卒。立骊姬子奚齐，其臣里克杀奚齐。荀息立卓子，克又杀卓子及荀息。夷吾使人请秦，求入晋。于是缪公许之，使百里傒将兵送夷吾。夷吾谓曰：“诚得立，请割晋之河西八城与秦。”及至，已立，而使丕郑谢秦，背约不与河西城，而杀里克。丕郑闻之，恐，因与缪公谋曰：“晋人不欲夷吾，实欲重耳。今背秦约而杀里克，皆吕甥、郤芮之计也。愿君以利急召吕、郤，吕、郤至，则更入重耳便。”缪公许之，使人与丕郑归，召吕、郤。吕、郤等疑丕郑有间，乃言夷吾杀丕郑。丕郑子丕豹奔秦，说缪公曰：“晋君无道，百姓不亲，可伐也。”缪公曰：“百姓苟不便，何故能诛其大臣？能诛其大臣，此其调也。”不听，而阴用豹。
十二年，齐管仲、隰朋死。
晋旱，来请粟。丕豹说缪公勿与，因其饥而伐之。缪公问公孙支，支曰：“饥穰更事耳，不可不与。”问百里傒，傒曰：“夷吾得罪于君，其百姓何罪？”于是用百里傒、公孙支言，卒与之粟。以船漕车转，自雍相望至绛。
十四年，秦饥，请粟于晋。晋君谋之群臣。虢射曰：“因其饥伐之，可有大功。”晋君从之。十五年，兴兵将攻秦。缪公发兵，使丕豹将，自往击之。九月壬戌，与晋惠公夷吾合战于韩地。晋君弃其军，与秦争利，还而马騺。缪公与麾下驰追之，不能得晋君，反为晋军所围。晋击缪公，缪公伤。于是岐下食善马者三百人驰冒晋军，晋军解围，遂脱缪公而反生得晋君。初，缪公亡善马，岐下野人共得而食之者三百余人，吏逐得，欲法之。缪公曰：“君子不以畜产害人。吾闻食善马肉不饮酒，伤人。”乃皆赐酒而赦之。三百人者闻秦击晋，皆求从，从而见缪公窘，亦皆推锋争死，以报食马之德。于是缪公虏晋君以归，令于国，齐宿，吾将以晋君祠上帝。周天子闻之，曰“晋我同姓”，为请晋君。夷吾姊亦为缪公夫人，夫人闻之，乃衰绖跣，曰：“妾兄弟不能相救，以辱君命。”缪公曰：“我得晋君以为功，今天子为请，夫人是忧。”乃与晋君盟，许归之，更舍上舍，而馈之七牢。十一月，归晋君夷吾，夷吾献其河西地，使太子圉为质于秦。秦妻子圉以宗女。是时秦地东至河。
十八年，齐桓公卒。二十年，秦灭梁、芮。
二十二年，晋公子圉闻晋君病，曰：“梁，我母家也，而秦灭之。我兄弟多，即君百岁后，秦必留我，而晋轻，亦更立他子。”子圉乃亡归晋。二十三年，晋惠公卒，子圉立为君。秦怨圉亡去，乃迎晋公子重耳于楚，而妻以故子圉妻。重耳初谢，后乃受。缪公益礼厚遇之。二十四年春，秦使人告晋大臣，欲入重耳。晋许之，于是使人送重耳。二月，重耳立为晋君，是为文公。文公使人杀子圉。子圉是为怀公。
其秋，周襄王弟带以翟伐王，王出居郑。二十五年，周王使人告难于晋、秦。秦缪公将兵助晋文公入襄王，杀王弟带。二十八年，晋文公败楚于城濮。三十年，缪公助晋文公围郑。郑使人言缪公曰：“亡郑厚晋，于晋而得矣，而秦未有利。晋之强，秦之忧也。”缪公乃罢兵归。晋亦罢。三十二年冬，晋文公卒。
郑人有卖郑于秦曰：“我主其城门，郑可袭也。”缪公问蹇叔、百里傒，对曰：“径数国千里而袭人，希有得利者。且人卖郑，庸知我国人不有以我情告郑者乎？不可。”缪公曰：“子不知也，吾已决矣。”遂发兵，使百里傒子孟明视，蹇叔子西乞术及白乙丙将兵。行日，百里傒、蹇叔二人哭之。缪公闻，怒曰：“孤发兵而子沮哭吾军，何也？”二老曰：“臣非敢沮君军。军行，臣子与往；臣老，迟还恐不相见，故哭耳。”二老退，谓其子曰：“汝军即败，必于殽阨矣。”三十三年春，秦兵遂东，更晋地，过周北门。周王孙满曰：“秦师无礼，不败何待！”兵至滑，郑贩卖贾人弦高，持十二牛将卖之周，见秦兵，恐死虏，因献其牛，曰：“闻大国将诛郑，郑君谨修守御备，使臣以牛十二劳军士。”秦三将军相谓曰：“将袭郑，郑今已觉之，往无及已。”灭滑。滑，晋之边邑也。
当是时，晋文公丧尚未葬。太子襄公怒曰：“秦侮我孤，因丧破我滑。”遂墨衰绖，发兵遮秦兵于殽，击之，大破秦军，无一人得脱者。虏秦三将以归。文公夫人，秦女也，为秦三囚将请曰：“缪公之怨此三人入于骨髓，愿令此三人归，令我君得自快烹之。”晋君许之，归秦三将。三将至，缪公素服郊迎，向三人哭曰：“孤以不用百里傒、蹇叔言以辱三子，三子何罪乎？子其悉心雪耻，毋怠。”遂复三人官秩如故，愈益厚之。
三十四年，楚太子商臣弑其父成王代立。
缪公于是复使孟明视等将兵伐晋，战于彭衙。秦不利，引兵归。
戎王使由余于秦。由余，其先晋人也，亡入戎，能晋言。闻缪公贤，故使由余观秦。秦缪公示以宫室、积聚。由余曰：“使鬼为之，则劳神矣。使人为之，亦苦民矣。”缪公怪之，问曰：“中国以诗书礼乐法度为政，然尚时乱，今戎夷无此，何以为治，不亦难乎？”由余笑曰：“此乃中国所以乱也。夫自上圣黄帝作为礼乐法度，身以先之，仅以小治。及其后世，日以骄淫。阻法度之威，以责督于下，下罢极则以仁义怨望于上，上下交争怨而相篡弑，至于灭宗，皆以此类也。夫戎夷不然。上含淳德以遇其下，下怀忠信以事其上，一国之政犹一身之治，不知所以治，此真圣人之治也。”于是缪公退而问内史廖曰：“孤闻邻国有圣人，敌国之忧也。今由余贤，寡人之害，将奈之何？”内史廖曰：“戎王处辟匿，未闻中国之声。君试遗其女乐，以夺其志；为由余请，以疏其间；留而莫遣，以失其期。戎王怪之，必疑由余。君臣有间，乃可虏也。且戎王好乐，必怠于政。”缪公曰：“善。”因与由余曲席而坐，传器而食，问其地形与其兵势尽察，而后令内史廖以女乐二八遗戎王。戎王受而说之，终年不还。于是秦乃归由余。由余数谏不听，缪公又数使人间要由余，由余遂去降秦。缪公以客礼礼之，问伐戎之形。
三十六年，缪公复益厚孟明等，使将兵伐晋，渡河焚船，大败晋人，取王官及鄗，以报殽之役。晋人皆城守不敢出。于是缪公乃自茅津渡河，封殽中尸，为发丧，哭之三日。乃誓于军曰：“嗟士卒！听无譁，余誓告汝。古之人谋黄发番番，则无所过。”以申思不用蹇叔、百里傒之谋，故作此誓，令后世以记余过。君子闻之，皆为垂涕，曰：“嗟乎！秦缪公之与人周也，卒得孟明之庆。”
三十七年，秦用由余谋伐戎王，益国十二，开地千里，遂霸西戎。天子使召公过贺缪公以金鼓。三十九年，缪公卒，葬雍。从死者百七十七人，秦之良臣子舆氏三人名曰奄息、仲行、针虎，亦在从死之中。秦人哀之，为作歌黄鸟之诗。君子曰：“秦缪公广地益国，东服强晋，西霸戎夷，然不为诸侯盟主，亦宜哉。死而弃民，收其良臣而从死。且先王崩，尚犹遗德垂法，况夺之善人良臣百姓所哀者乎？是以知秦不能复东征也。”缪公子四十人，其太子罃代立，是为康公。
康公元年。往岁缪公之卒，晋襄公亦卒；襄公之弟名雍，秦出也，在秦。晋赵盾欲立之，使随会来迎雍，秦以兵送至令狐。晋立襄公子而反击秦师，秦师败，随会来奔。二年，秦伐晋，取武城，报令狐之役。四年，晋伐秦，取少梁。六年，秦伐晋，取羁马。战于河曲，大败晋军。晋人患随会在秦为乱，乃使魏雠余详反，合谋会，诈而得会，会遂归晋。康公立十二年卒，子共公立。
共公二年，晋赵穿弑其君灵公。三年，楚庄王强，北兵至雒，问周鼎。共公立五年卒，子桓公立。
桓公三年，晋败我一将。十年，楚庄王服郑，北败晋兵于河上。当是之时，楚霸，为会盟合诸侯。二十四年，晋厉公初立，与秦桓公夹河而盟。归而秦倍盟，与翟合谋击晋。二十六年，晋率诸侯伐秦，秦军败走，追至泾而还。桓公立二十七年卒，子景公立。
景公四年，晋栾书弑其君厉公。十五年，救郑，败晋兵于栎。是时晋悼公为盟主。十八年，晋悼公强，数会诸侯，率以伐秦，败秦军。秦军走，晋兵追之，遂渡泾，至棫林而还。二十七年，景公如晋，与平公盟，已而背之。三十六年，楚公子围弑其君而自立，是为灵王。景公母弟后子针有宠，景公母弟富，或谮之，恐诛，乃奔晋，车重千乘。晋平公曰：“后子富如此，何以自亡？”对曰：“秦公无道，畏诛，欲待其后世乃归。”三十九年，楚灵王强，会诸侯于申，为盟主，杀齐庆封。景公立四十年卒，子哀公立。后子复来归秦。
哀公八年，楚公子弃疾弑灵王而自立，是为平王。十一年，楚平王来求秦女为太子建妻。至国，女好而自娶之。十五年，楚平王欲诛建，建亡；伍子胥奔吴。晋公室卑而六卿强，欲内相攻，是以久秦晋不相攻。三十一年，吴王阖闾与伍子胥伐楚，楚王亡奔随，吴遂入郢。楚大夫申包胥来告急，七日不食，日夜哭泣。于是秦乃发五百乘救楚，败吴师。吴师归，楚昭王乃得复入郢。哀公立三十六年卒。太子夷公，夷公蚤死，不得立，立夷公子，是为惠公。
惠公元年，孔子行鲁相事。五年，晋卿中行、范氏反晋，晋使智氏、赵简子攻之，范、中行氏亡奔齐。惠公立十年卒，子悼公立。
悼公二年，齐臣田乞弑其君孺子，立其兄阳生，是为悼公。六年，吴败齐师。齐人弑悼公，立其子简公。九年，晋定公与吴王夫差盟，争长于黄池，卒先吴。吴强，陵中国。十二年，齐田常弑简公，立其弟平公，常相之。十三年，楚灭陈。秦悼公立十四年卒，子厉共公立。孔子以悼公十二年卒。
厉共公二年，蜀人来赂。十六年，堑河旁。以兵二万伐大荔，取其王城。二十一年，初县频阳。晋取武成。二十四年，晋乱，杀智伯，分其国与赵、韩、魏。二十五年，智开与邑人来奔。三十三年，伐义渠，虏其王。三十四年，日食。厉共公卒，子躁公立。躁公二年，南郑反。十三年，义渠来伐，至渭南。十四年，躁公卒，立其弟怀公。
怀公四年，庶长晁与大臣围怀公，怀公自杀。怀公太子曰昭子，蚤死，大臣乃立太子昭子之子，是为灵公。灵公，怀公孙也。
灵公六年，晋城少梁，秦击之。十三年，城籍姑。灵公卒，子献公不得立，立灵公季父悼子，是为简公。简公，昭子之弟而怀公子也。
简公六年，令吏初带剑。堑洛。城重泉。十六年卒，子惠公立。
惠公十二年，子出子生。十三年，伐蜀，取南郑。惠公卒，出子立。
出子二年，庶长改迎灵公之子献公于河西而立之。杀出子及其母，沈之渊旁。秦以往者数易君，君臣乖乱，故晋复强，夺秦河西地。
献公元年，止从死。二年，城栎阳。四年正月庚寅，孝公生。十一年，周太史儋见献公曰：“周故与秦国合而别，别五百岁复合，合十七岁而霸王出。”十六年，桃冬花。十八年，雨金栎阳。二十一年，与晋战于石门，斩首六万，天子贺以<耑甫><耑犮>。二十三年，与魏晋战少梁，虏其将公孙痤。二十四年，献公卒，子孝公立，年已二十一岁矣。
孝公元年，河山以东强国六，与齐威、楚宣、魏惠、燕悼、韩哀、赵成侯并。淮泗之间小国十余。楚、魏与秦接界。魏筑长城，自郑滨洛以北，有上郡。楚自汉中，南有巴、黔中。周室微，诸侯力政，争相并。秦僻在雍州，不与中国诸侯之会盟，夷翟遇之。孝公于是布惠，振孤寡，招战士，明功赏。下令国中曰：“昔我缪公自岐雍之间，修德行武，东平晋乱，以河为界，西霸戎翟，广地千里，天子致伯，诸侯毕贺，为后世开业，甚光美。会往者厉、躁、简公、出子之不宁，国家内忧，未遑外事，三晋攻夺我先君河西地，诸侯卑秦、丑莫大焉。献公即位，镇抚边境，徙治栎阳，且欲东伐，复缪公之故地，脩缪公之政令。寡人思念先君之意，常痛于心。宾客群臣有能出奇计强秦者，吾且尊官，与之分土。”于是乃出兵东围陕城，西斩戎之獂王。
卫鞅闻是令下，西入秦，因景监求见孝公。
二年，天子致胙。
三年，卫鞅说孝公变法修刑，内务耕稼，外劝战死之赏罚，孝公善之。甘龙、杜挚等弗然，相与争之。卒用鞅法，百姓苦之；居三年，百姓便之。乃拜鞅为左庶长。其事在商君语中。
七年，与魏惠王会杜平。八年，与魏战元里，有功。十年，卫鞅为大良造，将兵围魏安邑，降之。十二年，作为咸阳，筑冀阙，秦徙都之。并诸小乡聚，集为大县，县一令，四十一县。为田开阡陌。东地渡洛。十四年，初为赋。十九年，天子致伯。二十年，诸侯毕贺。秦使公子少官率师会诸侯逢泽，朝天子。
二十一年，齐败魏马陵。
二十二年，卫鞅击魏，虏魏公子卬。封鞅为列侯，号商君。
二十四年，与晋战雁门，虏其将魏错。
孝公卒，子惠文君立。是岁，诛卫鞅。鞅之初为秦施法，法不行，太子犯禁。鞅曰：“法之不行，自于贵戚。君必欲行法，先于太子。太子不可黥，黥其傅师。”于是法大用，秦人治。及孝公卒，太子立，宗室多怨鞅，鞅亡，因以为反，而卒车裂以徇秦国。
惠文君元年，楚、韩、赵、蜀人来朝。二年，天子贺。三年，王冠。四年，天子致文武胙。齐、魏为王。
五年，阴晋人犀首为大良造。六年，魏纳阴晋，阴晋更名宁秦。七年，公子卬与魏战，虏其将龙贾，斩首八万。八年，魏纳河西地。九年，渡河，取汾阴、皮氏。与魏王会应。围焦，降之。十年，张仪相秦。魏纳上郡十五县。十一年，县义渠。归魏焦、曲沃。义渠君为臣。更名少梁曰夏阳。十二年，初腊。十三年四月戊午，魏君为王，韩亦为王。使张仪伐取陕，出其人与魏。
十四年，更为元年。二年，张仪与齐、楚大臣会齧桑。三年，韩、魏太子来朝。张仪相魏。五年，王游至北河。七年，乐池相秦。韩、赵、魏、燕、齐帅匈奴共攻秦。秦使庶长疾与战修鱼，虏其将申差，败赵公子渴、韩太子奂，斩首八万二千。八年，张仪复相秦。九年，司马错伐蜀，灭之。伐取赵中都、西阳。十年，韩太子苍来质。伐取韩石章。伐败赵将泥。伐取义渠二十五城。十一年，<木虖>里疾攻魏焦，降之。败韩岸门，斩首万，其将犀首走。公子通封于蜀。燕君让其臣子之。十二年，王与梁王会临晋。庶长疾攻赵，虏赵将庄。张仪相楚。十三年，庶长章击楚于丹阳，虏其将屈匄，斩首八万；又攻楚汉中，取地六百里，置汉中郡。楚围雍氏，秦使庶长疾助韩而东攻齐，到满助魏攻燕。十四年，伐楚，取召陵。丹、犁臣，蜀相壮杀蜀侯来降。
惠王卒，子武王立。韩、魏、齐、楚、越皆宾从。
武王元年，与魏惠王会临晋。诛蜀相壮。张仪、魏章皆东出之魏。伐义渠、丹、犁。二年，初置丞相，<木虖>里疾、甘茂为左右丞相。张仪死于魏。三年，与韩襄王会临晋外。南公揭卒，<木虖>里疾相韩。武王谓甘茂曰：“寡人欲容车通三川，窥周室，死不恨矣。”其秋，使甘茂、庶长封伐宜阳。四年，拔宜阳，斩首六万。涉河，城武遂。魏太子来朝。武王有力好戏，力士任鄙、乌获、孟说皆至大官。王与孟说举鼎，绝膑。八月，武王死。族孟说。武王取魏女为后，无子。立异母弟，是为昭襄王。昭襄母楚人，姓芈氏，号宣太后。武王死时，昭襄王为质于燕，燕人送归，得立。
昭襄王元年，严君疾为相。甘茂出之魏。二年，彗星见。庶长壮与大臣、诸侯、公子为逆，皆诛，及惠文后皆不得良死。悼武王后出归魏。三年，王冠。与楚王会黄棘，与楚上庸。四年，取蒲阪。彗星见。五年，魏王来朝应亭，复与魏蒲阪。六年，蜀侯煇反，司马错定蜀。庶长奂伐楚，斩首二万。泾阳君质于齐。日食，昼晦。七年，拔新城。<木虖>里子卒。八年，使将军芈戎攻楚，取新市。齐使章子，魏使公孙喜，韩使暴鸢共攻楚方城，取唐眛。赵破中山，其君亡，竟死齐。魏公子劲、韩公子长为诸侯。九年，孟尝君薛文来相秦。奂攻楚，取八城，杀其将景快。十年，楚怀王入朝秦，秦留之。薛文以金受免。楼缓为丞相。十一年，齐、韩、魏、赵、宋、中山五国共攻秦，至盐氏而还。秦与韩、魏河北及封陵以和。彗星见。楚怀王走之赵，赵不受，还之秦，即死，归葬。十二年，楼缓免，穰侯魏冉为相。予楚粟五万石。
十三年，向寿伐韩，取武始。左更白起攻新城。五大夫礼出亡奔魏。任鄙为汉中守。十四年，左更白起攻韩、魏于伊阙，斩首二十四万，虏公孙喜，拔五城。十五年，大良造白起攻魏，取垣，复予之。攻楚，取宛。十六年，左更错取轵及邓。冉免，封公子市宛，公子悝邓，魏冉陶，为诸侯。十七年，城阳君入朝，及东周君来朝。秦以垣为蒲阪、皮氏。王之宜阳。十八年，错攻垣、河雍，决桥取之。十九年，王为西帝，齐为东帝，皆复去之。吕礼来自归。齐破宋，宋王在魏，死温。任鄙卒。二十年，王之汉中，又之上郡、北河。二十一年，错攻魏河内。魏献安邑，秦出其人，募徙河东赐爵，赦罪人迁之。泾阳君封宛。二十二年，蒙武伐齐。河东为九县。与楚王会宛。与赵王会中阳。二十三年，尉斯离与三晋、燕伐齐，破之济西。王与魏王会宜阳，与韩王会新城。二十四年，与楚王会鄢，又会穰。秦取魏安城，至大梁，燕、赵救之，秦军去。魏冉免相。二十五年，拔赵二城。与韩王会新城，与魏王会新明邑。二十六年，赦罪人迁之穰。侯冉复相。二十七年，错攻楚。赦罪人迁之南阳。白起攻赵，取代光狼城。又使司马错发陇西，因蜀攻楚黔中，拔之。二十八年，大良造白起攻楚，取鄢、邓，赦罪人迁之。二十九年，大良造白起攻楚，取郢为南郡，楚王走。周君来。王与楚王会襄陵。白起为武安君。三十年，蜀守若伐楚，取巫郡，及江南为黔中郡。三十一年，白起伐魏，取两城。楚人反我江南。三十二年，相穰侯攻魏，至大梁，破暴鸢，斩首四万，鸢走，魏入三县请和。三十三年，客卿胡阳攻魏卷、蔡阳、长社，取之。击芒卯华阳，破之，斩首十五万。魏入南阳以和。三十四年，秦与魏、韩上庸地为一郡，南阳免臣迁居之。三十五年，佐韩、魏、楚伐燕。初置南阳郡。三十六年，客卿灶攻齐，取刚、寿，予穰侯。三十八年，中更胡阳攻赵阏与，不能取。四十年，悼太子死魏，归葬芷阳。四十一年夏，攻魏，取邢丘、怀。四十二年，安国君为太子。十月，宣太后薨，葬芷阳郦山。九月，穰侯出之陶。四十三年，武安君白起攻韩，拔九城，斩首五万。四十四年，攻韩南阳，取之。四十五年，五大夫贲攻韩，取十城。叶阳君悝出之国，未至而死。四十七年，秦攻韩上党，上党降赵，秦因攻赵，赵发兵击秦，相距。秦使武安君白起击，大破赵于长平，四十余万尽杀之。四十八年十月，韩献垣雍。秦军分为三军。武安君归。王龁将伐赵武安、皮牢，拔之。司马梗北定太原，尽有韩上党。正月，兵罢，复守上党。其十月，五大夫陵攻赵邯郸。四十九年正月，益发卒佐陵。陵战不善，免，王龁代将。其十月，将军张唐攻魏，为蔡尉捐弗守，还斩之。五十年十月，武安君白起有罪，为士伍，迁阴密。张唐攻郑，拔之。十二月，益发卒军汾城旁。武安君白起有罪，死。龁攻邯郸，不拔，去，还奔汾军二月余。攻晋军，斩首六千，晋楚流死河二万人。攻汾城，即从唐拔宁新中，宁新中更名安阳。初作河桥。
五十一年，将军摎攻韩，取阳城、负黍，斩首四万。攻赵，取二十余县，首虏九万。西周君背秦，与诸侯约从，将天下锐兵出伊阙攻秦，令秦毋得通阳城。于是秦使将军摎攻西周。西周君走来自归，顿首受罪，尽献其邑三十六城，口三万。秦王受献，归其君于周。五十二年，周民东亡，其器九鼎入秦。周初亡。
五十三年，天下来宾。魏后，秦使摎伐魏，取吴城。韩王入朝，魏委国听令。五十四年，王郊见上帝于雍。五十六年秋，昭襄王卒，子孝文王立。尊唐八子为唐太后，而合其葬于先王。韩王衰绖入吊祠，诸侯皆使其将相来吊祠，视丧事。
孝文王元年，赦罪人，修先王功臣，襃厚亲戚，弛苑囿。孝文王除丧，十月己亥即位，三日辛丑卒，子庄襄王立。
庄襄王元年，大赦罪人，修先王功臣，施德厚骨肉而布惠于民。东周君与诸侯谋秦，秦使相国吕不韦诛之，尽入其国。秦不绝其祀，以阳人地赐周君，奉其祭祀。使蒙骜伐韩，韩献成皋、巩。秦界至大梁，初置三川郡。二年，使蒙骜攻赵，定太原。三年，蒙骜攻魏高都、汲，拔之。攻赵榆次、新城、狼孟，取三十七城。四月日食。王龁攻上党。初置太原郡。魏将无忌率五国兵击秦，秦卻于河外。蒙骜败，解而去。五月丙午，庄襄王卒，子政立，是为秦始皇帝。
秦王政立二十六年，初并天下为三十六郡，号为始皇帝。始皇帝五十一年而崩，子胡亥立，是为二世皇帝。三年，诸侯并起叛秦，赵高杀二世，立子婴。子婴立月余，诸侯诛之，遂灭秦。其语在始皇本纪中。
太史公曰：秦之先为嬴姓。其后分封，以国为姓，有徐氏、郯氏、莒氏、终黎氏、运奄氏、菟裘氏、将梁氏、黄氏、江氏、脩鱼氏、白冥氏、蜚廉氏、秦氏。然秦以其先造父封赵城，为赵氏。
Fascicle Five · Basic Annals of the Qin, Fifth
司马迁
The ancestor of the Qin was a distant descendant of the Emperor Zhuanxu called Nüxiu. Nüxiu was weaving when a dark bird dropped an egg; Nüxiu swallowed it and bore a son, Daye. Daye took to wife a daughter of Shaodian called Nühua. Nühua bore Dafei, who with Yu levelled the waters and the land. When it was accomplished, the Emperor bestowed a dark jade sceptre. Yu received it and said, "It was not I who could accomplish it; Dafei too was my helper." The Emperor Shun said: "Ah, Fei, you assisted Yu's work; I bestow on you a black pennon. Your descendants shall greatly flourish." And he gave him to wife a jade maiden of the Yao surname. Dafei bowed and received her, and assisted Shun in taming the birds and beasts, and the birds and beasts were for the most part tamed and submissive; this is Boyi. Shun bestowed on him the surname Ying.
Dafei had two sons: the first was called Dalian, who is the Bird Custom clan; the second was called Ruomu, who is the Fei clan. His great-great-grandson was called Feichang, and his sons and grandsons were some in the central states and some among the Yi and Di. Feichang in the time of Jie of the Xia left the Xia and went over to the Shang, became Tang's charioteer, and by this defeated Jie at Mingtiao. Dalian's great-great-grandsons were called Mengxi and Zhongyan, who had birds' bodies and human speech. The Emperor Taiwu heard of it and divined about employing them as charioteers, and it was auspicious; so he had them drive for him and gave them wives. From Taiwu onward the descendants of Zhongyan had merit generation after generation and assisted the state of Yin; therefore many of the Ying surname were eminent, and they became territorial lords.
His great-great-grandson was called Zhongjue, who was among the Western Rong and guarded the western marches. He begot Feilian. Feilian begot Elai. Elai was strong and Feilian a good runner, and father and son both served Zhou of the Yin by their talents and strength. When King Wu of Zhou attacked Zhou of Yin, he killed Elai as well. At that time Feilian was quarrying stone for Zhou in the north, and returning he had no one to report to, so he built an altar on Mount Huo and made his report there, and found a stone coffin with the inscription: "The Lord commands that Chufu take no part in the disorder of the Yin; I bestow on you a stone coffin to make your clan glorious." When he died he was buried on Mount Huo. Feilian had another son called Jisheng. Jisheng begot Mengzeng. Mengzeng was favoured by King Cheng of Zhou; this is Zhai Gaolang. Gaolang begot Hengfu, and Hengfu begot Zaofu. Zaofu was favoured by King Mu of Zhou for his skill in driving, and obtained the team of Ji, Wenli, Hualiu and Lu'er; the king made his western tour of inspection and in his delight forgot to return. When King Yan of Xu made rebellion, Zaofu drove for King Mu and galloped the long way back to the Zhou, a thousand li in a day, to save the situation. King Mu enfeoffed Zaofu with the city of Zhao, and from this Zaofu's clan became the Zhao clan. From Feilian's begetting Jisheng down through five generations to Zaofu, they dwelt apart at Zhao. Zhao Cui was of these descendants. Elai Ge was Feilian's son, and died early. He had a son called Nüfang. Nüfang begot Panggao, Panggao begot Taiji, Taiji begot Daluo, Daluo begot Feizi. Through Zaofu's favour they all enjoyed the city of Zhao and took the surname Zhao.
Feizi dwelt at Quanqiu and loved horses and livestock, and was good at rearing and breeding them. The men of Quanqiu spoke of him to King Xiao of Zhou, and King Xiao summoned him and set him in charge of horses between the Qian and the Wei, and the horses greatly multiplied. King Xiao wished to make him Daluo's principal heir. The daughter of the Marquis of Shen was Daluo's wife and had borne a son, Cheng, who was the son of the principal line. The Marquis of Shen then said to King Xiao: "Of old, our forebear, a daughter of Mount Li, was wife to Xuxuan of the Rong and bore Zhongjue, who because of this kinship went over to the Zhou and guarded the western marches, and the western marches were at peace because of it. Now I have again given a wife to Daluo, who has borne the principal son Cheng. Shen and Luo being twice joined in marriage, the Western Rong all submit, and this is how you are king. Let Your Majesty consider it." Thereupon King Xiao said: "Of old Boyi was in charge of livestock for Shun, and the livestock multiplied greatly, and therefore he had land and was given the surname Ying. Now his descendant likewise breeds horses for me, and I shall divide off land for him as a dependent state." He gave him the town of Qin and had him carry on again the sacrifices of the Ying, styling him Qin Ying. Nor did he set aside the Marquis of Shen's daughter's son as Luo's principal heir, in order to keep peace with the Western Rong.
Qin Ying begot the Marquis of Qin. The Marquis of Qin was on the throne ten years and died. He begot Gongbo. Gongbo was on the throne three years and died. He begot Zhong of Qin.
In the third year of Zhong of Qin, King Li of Zhou was without principle, and some of the lords rebelled against him. The Western Rong turned against the royal house and destroyed the clan of Daluo at Quanqiu. When King Xuan of Zhou came to the throne he made Zhong of Qin a great officer to chastise the Western Rong. The Western Rong killed Zhong of Qin. Zhong of Qin had been on the throne twenty-three years when he died among the Rong. He had five sons, the eldest of whom was called Duke Zhuang. King Xuan of Zhou then summoned Duke Zhuang and his four brothers, gave them seven thousand troops and sent them to attack the Western Rong, and they defeated them. Thereupon he gave back to the descendants of Zhong of Qin, together with their forebear Daluo's land at Quanqiu, the whole of it, and made him Great Officer of the Western Marches.
Duke Zhuang dwelt at his old Western Quanqiu and begot three sons, the eldest of whom was Shifu. Shifu said, "The Rong killed my grandfather Zhong; if I do not kill the king of the Rong I dare not enter the town." So he was about to strike the Rong, and yielded to his younger brother Duke Xiang. Duke Xiang became heir apparent. Duke Zhuang was on the throne forty-four years and died, and the heir apparent Duke Xiang succeeded. In Duke Xiang's first year he gave his younger sister Mu Ying to be wife of the king of Feng. In Duke Xiang's second year the Rong besieged Quanqiu, and Shifu struck at them and was taken captive by the Rong. After a year or so Shifu was returned. In the spring of the seventh year King You of Zhou, using Bao Si, deposed the heir apparent and set up Bao Si's son as principal heir; he repeatedly deceived the lords, and the lords rebelled against him. The Western Rong and the Quanrong, with the Marquis of Shen, attacked the Zhou and killed King You below Mount Li. And Duke Xiang of Qin led troops to rescue the Zhou, fighting most vigorously, and had merit. The Zhou, avoiding the troubles from the Quanrong, moved east to the city of Luo, and Duke Xiang escorted King Ping of Zhou with troops. King Ping enfeoffed Duke Xiang as a territorial lord and bestowed on him the lands west of Mount Qi, saying: "The Rong are without principle; they have invaded and seized our lands of Qi and Feng. If Qin can attack and drive off the Rong, then it shall have those lands." He made a covenant with him and conferred the rank and fief. Duke Xiang thereupon first had a state, and exchanged envoys and the rites of visits and offerings with the other lords; and he used three each of bay colts, yellow oxen and rams to sacrifice to the Lord on High at the western altar. In the twelfth year he attacked the Rong and reached Mount Qi, and died. He begot Duke Wen.
In Duke Wen's first year he dwelt in the palace of the Western Marches. In the third year Duke Wen went east hunting with seven hundred men. In the fourth year he reached the confluence of the Qian and the Wei. He said, "Of old the Zhou settled our forebear Qin Ying here, and afterwards he came at last to be a territorial lord." So he divined about dwelling there, and the divination said it was auspicious, and he laid out a town there. In the tenth year he first made the Fu altar and used the three sacrificial victims. In the thirteenth year there were first scribes to record events, and many of the people were transformed by it. In the sixteenth year Duke Wen attacked the Rong with troops, and the Rong were defeated and fled. Thereupon Duke Wen gathered in the remaining people of the Zhou and had them, and his land reached to Mount Qi; the land east of Qi he presented to the Zhou. In the nineteenth year he obtained the Chen Treasure. In the twentieth year the punishment extending to the three degrees of kin was first instituted. In the twenty-seventh year he cut the great catalpa of the Southern Hills, and the Great Bull of Feng appeared. In the forty-eighth year Duke Wen's heir apparent died and was given the posthumous title Duke Jing. Duke Jing's eldest son became heir apparent; he was Duke Wen's grandson. In the fiftieth year Duke Wen died and was buried on the Western Hill. Duke Jing's son was set up; this is Duke Ning.
In Duke Ning's second year the duke moved his seat to Pingyang. He sent troops to attack Dangshe. In the third year he fought with Bo, and the king of Bo fled to the Rong, and he then destroyed Dangshe. In the fourth year the prince Hui of Lu murdered his ruler Duke Yin. In the twelfth year he attacked the Dang clan and took them. Duke Ning was set up at the age of ten, was on the throne twelve years and died, and was buried on the Western Hill. He begot three sons; the eldest, Duke Wu, was heir apparent. Duke Wu's younger brother was Duke De, by the same mother, the Lu lady. She bore Chuzi. When Duke Ning died, the Senior Chief Fuji, Weilei and Sanfu deposed the heir apparent and set up Chuzi as ruler. In Chuzi's sixth year Sanfu and the others again together had men murder Chuzi. Chuzi was set up at the age of five, was on the throne six years and died. Sanfu and the others then set up again the former heir apparent, Duke Wu.
In Duke Wu's first year he attacked the Pengxi clan, reached the foot of Mount Hua, and dwelt in the Feng Palace at Pingyang. In the third year he put Sanfu and the others to death and exterminated their three degrees of kin, because they had killed Chuzi. Gao Qumi of Zheng killed his ruler Duke Zhao. In the tenth year he attacked the Rong of Gui and Ji and first made them into counties. In the eleventh year he first made Du and Zheng into counties. He destroyed Lesser Guo.
In the thirteenth year Guan Zhifu, Lian Cheng and others of Qi killed their ruler Duke Xiang and set up his cousin Wuzhi. Jin destroyed Huo, Wei and Geng. Yong Lin of Qi killed Wuzhi, Guan Zhifu and the others, and set up Duke Huan of Qi. Qi and Jin became strong states.
In the nineteenth year Quwo of Jin first became Marquis of Jin. Duke Huan of Qi became hegemon at Juan.
In the twentieth year Duke Wu died and was buried at Pingyang in Yong. Men were first made to follow him in death, and those who followed him in death were sixty-six. He had one son named Bai; Bai was not set up but was enfeoffed at Pingyang. His younger brother Duke De was set up.
In Duke De's first year he first dwelt in the Great Zheng Palace of the city of Yong. He sacrificed at the Fu altar with three hundred sets of victims. He divined about dwelling at Yong: later his sons and grandsons would water their horses at the He. The Earl of Liang and the Earl of Rui came to court. In the second year the Fu sacrifices were first instituted, and dogs were used to ward off noxious influences. Duke De was set up at the age of thirty-three, was on the throne two years and died. He begot three sons: the eldest Duke Xuan, the middle son Duke Cheng, the youngest Duke Mu. The eldest son Duke Xuan was set up.
In Duke Xuan's first year Wei and Yan attacked the Zhou, drove out King Hui and set up the prince Tui. In the third year the Earl of Zheng and Shu of Guo killed Zitui and brought King Hui back in. In the fourth year he made the Mi altar. He fought with Jin at Heyang and defeated them. In the twelfth year Duke Xuan died. He begot nine sons, none of whom was set up; his younger brother Duke Cheng was set up.
In Duke Cheng's first year the Earl of Liang and the Earl of Rui came to court. Duke Huan of Qi attacked the Mountain Rong and halted at Guzhu.
Duke Cheng was on the throne four years and died. He had seven sons, none of whom was set up; his younger brother Duke Mu was set up.
In the first year of Duke Mu, Renhao, he himself led troops to attack Maojin and defeated it. In the fourth year he welcomed a bride from Jin, the elder sister of the heir apparent Shensheng of Jin. In that year Duke Huan of Qi attacked Chu and reached Shaoling.
In the fifth year Duke Xian of Jin destroyed Yu and Guo, and took captive the ruler of Yu and his great officer Baili Xi, this being because of the bribe of jade and horses given to Yu. Having taken Baili Xi captive, he sent him to Qin as part of the dowry train of Duke Mu of Qin's wife. Baili Xi fled from Qin and ran to Wan, and a man of the Chu borderlands seized him. Duke Mu heard that Baili Xi was worthy and wished to ransom him at a high price, but feared the men of Chu would not give him up, so he sent someone to say to Chu: "My dowry servant Baili Xi is there; I beg to ransom him with five ram's skins." The men of Chu then agreed to give him up. At that time Baili Xi was already more than seventy years old. Duke Mu released him from confinement and talked with him about affairs of state. He declined, saying, "Your servant is a servant of a fallen state; what is worth asking of me?" Duke Mu said, "The ruler of Yu did not employ you, and so he perished; it was not your fault." He pressed his questions, and they talked for three days, and Duke Mu was greatly pleased and handed over to him the government of the state, styling him the Great Officer of Five Ram's Skins. Baili Xi declined, saying: "Your servant is not the equal of his friend Jian Shu. Jian Shu is worthy and the world does not know him. Your servant once travelled and fell into difficulty in Qi, and begged food from the people of Zhi, and Jian Shu took me in. I therefore wished to serve Wuzhi, ruler of Qi, and Jian Shu stopped me, and I was able to escape the troubles of Qi and went on to the Zhou. The Zhou prince Tui was fond of oxen, and I sought office with him by the rearing of oxen. When Tui wished to employ me, Jian Shu stopped me, and I left and escaped being put to death. I served the ruler of Yu, and Jian Shu stopped me. I knew the ruler of Yu would not employ me, but I was in truth privately set on emolument and rank, and stayed. Twice I used his advice and escaped; once I did not use it, and met with the ruler of Yu's disaster: by this I know his worth." Thereupon Duke Mu sent men with generous gifts to welcome Jian Shu, and made him a senior great officer.
In autumn Duke Mu himself led troops to attack Jin, and they fought at Hequ. Li Ji of Jin made disorder; the heir apparent Shensheng died at Xincheng, and Chong'er and Yiwu fled abroad.
In the ninth year Duke Huan of Qi assembled the lords at Kuiqiu.
Duke Xian of Jin died. Li Ji's son Xiqi was set up, and his minister Li Ke killed Xiqi. Xun Xi set up Zhuozi, and Ke also killed Zhuozi and Xun Xi. Yiwu sent someone to ask Qin, seeking to enter Jin. Thereupon Duke Mu granted it and sent Baili Xi with troops to escort Yiwu. Yiwu said to him, "If I am indeed set up, I will cede to Qin eight cities of Jin west of the He." But when he arrived and had been set up, he sent Pi Zheng to make his excuses to Qin, went back on the agreement and did not give the cities west of the He, and killed Li Ke. When Pi Zheng heard of it he was afraid, and so plotted with Duke Mu, saying: "The men of Jin do not want Yiwu; in truth they want Chong'er. Now that he has gone back on the agreement with Qin and killed Li Ke, this is all the scheme of Lü Sheng and Xi Rui. I beg Your Lordship to summon Lü and Xi urgently with the offer of advantage; when Lü and Xi come, it will be easy to bring Chong'er in instead." Duke Mu agreed and sent men back with Pi Zheng to summon Lü and Xi. Lü, Xi and the others suspected that Pi Zheng was playing a double game, and told Yiwu, who killed Pi Zheng. Pi Zheng's son Pi Bao fled to Qin and urged Duke Mu: "The ruler of Jin is without principle and the people are not attached to him; he may be attacked." Duke Mu said: "If the people were truly not content with him, how could he have put his great ministers to death? That he can put his great ministers to death shows that they are in accord with him." He did not listen, but secretly employed Bao.
In the twelfth year Guan Zhong and Xi Peng of Qi died.
Jin had a drought and came to ask for grain. Pi Bao urged Duke Mu not to give it, and to attack them while they were hungry. Duke Mu asked Gongsun Zhi, and Zhi said, "Famine and plenty alternate; we cannot but give it." He asked Baili Xi, and Xi said, "Yiwu has offended Your Lordship, but what is the offence of his people?" Thereupon he used the words of Baili Xi and Gongsun Zhi and in the end gave them grain, transported by boat and cart, in an unbroken line from Yong to Jiang.
In the fourteenth year Qin had a famine and asked for grain from Jin. The ruler of Jin took counsel with his ministers. Guo She said, "Attack them while they are hungry and great merit may be had." The ruler of Jin followed him. In the fifteenth year he raised troops and was about to attack Qin. Duke Mu sent out troops, made Pi Bao their general and himself went to strike at them. In the ninth month, on the renxu day, he joined battle with Yiwu, Duke Hui of Jin, in the land of Han. The ruler of Jin abandoned his own army and contended with Qin for advantage, and turning back his horse stuck fast. Duke Mu with his own men galloped in pursuit, could not take the ruler of Jin, and was instead surrounded by the Jin army. The Jin struck at Duke Mu, and Duke Mu was wounded. Thereupon the three hundred men of the country below Mount Qi who had eaten his fine horse galloped and charged the Jin army; the Jin army's encirclement was broken, and so Duke Mu got away and in turn took the ruler of Jin alive. Formerly, Duke Mu had lost a fine horse, and the rustics below Mount Qi, more than three hundred of them, had caught and eaten it together; the officers pursued and caught them and wished to punish them by law. Duke Mu said: "A gentleman does not injure men on account of livestock. I have heard that to eat the flesh of a fine horse and not drink wine harms a man." So he gave them all wine and pardoned them. When those three hundred men heard that Qin was striking at Jin, they all asked to go along, and going along and seeing Duke Mu in straits, they all pressed forward their weapons and vied to die, in order to repay the kindness of the horse. Thereupon Duke Mu took the ruler of Jin captive and returned, and gave orders throughout the state to fast and purify, saying, "I shall sacrifice the ruler of Jin to the Lord on High." When the Son of Heaven of Zhou heard of it, he said, "Jin is of my own surname," and interceded for the ruler of Jin. Yiwu's elder sister was also Duke Mu's wife, and when she heard of it she put on mourning garb and went barefoot, saying, "Your handmaid's brother and sister cannot save each other, and so bring disgrace on Your Lordship's command." Duke Mu said: "I took the ruler of Jin and counted it a merit; now the Son of Heaven intercedes and my wife is grieved by it." So he made a covenant with the ruler of Jin and agreed to send him back, moved him to the finest lodging and sent him seven sets of sacrificial animals. In the eleventh month he sent back Yiwu, the ruler of Jin; Yiwu presented his lands west of the He and sent his heir apparent Yu as hostage to Qin. Qin gave a daughter of the ducal house as wife to Ziyu. At this time Qin's territory reached east to the He.
In the eighteenth year Duke Huan of Qi died. In the twentieth year Qin destroyed Liang and Rui.
In the twenty-second year the prince Yu of Jin heard that the ruler of Jin was ill, and said: "Liang is my mother's house, and Qin destroyed it. I have many brothers; when my lord is gone after his hundred years, Qin will certainly detain me, and Jin will make light of me and set up another son in my place." So Ziyu fled back to Jin. In the twenty-third year Duke Hui of Jin died, and Ziyu was set up as ruler. Qin resented Yu's having fled away, and so welcomed the prince Chong'er of Jin from Chu and gave him as wife the former wife of Ziyu. Chong'er at first declined, but afterwards accepted. Duke Mu treated him with increasing courtesy and generosity. In the spring of the twenty-fourth year Qin sent men to inform the great ministers of Jin that it wished to bring Chong'er in. Jin agreed, and thereupon men were sent to escort Chong'er. In the second month Chong'er was set up as ruler of Jin; this is Duke Wen. Duke Wen sent men to kill Ziyu. Ziyu is Duke Huai.
In the autumn of that year King Xiang of Zhou's younger brother Dai attacked the king with the Di, and the king went out and dwelt in Zheng. In the twenty-fifth year the king of Zhou sent men to report the trouble to Jin and Qin. Duke Mu of Qin led troops to help Duke Wen of Jin bring King Xiang back in, and killed the king's younger brother Dai. In the twenty-eighth year Duke Wen of Jin defeated Chu at Chengpu. In the thirtieth year Duke Mu helped Duke Wen of Jin besiege Zheng. Zheng sent someone to say to Duke Mu: "To destroy Zheng is to enrich Jin; Jin gains by it, but Qin has no advantage. Jin's strength is Qin's anxiety." Duke Mu then withdrew his troops and returned, and Jin withdrew as well. In the winter of the thirty-second year Duke Wen of Jin died.
A man of Zheng offered to betray Zheng to Qin, saying, "I have charge of its city gate; Zheng may be taken by surprise." Duke Mu asked Jian Shu and Baili Xi, and they answered: "To pass through several states over a thousand li and take men by surprise — rarely has any gained advantage by it. Besides, if a man betrays Zheng, how do we know that none of our own people has told Zheng our circumstances? It cannot be done." Duke Mu said, "You do not understand; I have decided." So he sent out troops, making Baili Xi's son Meng Mingshi and Jian Shu's sons Xiqi Shu and Bai Yibing the generals. On the day they set out, Baili Xi and Jian Shu both wept for them. Duke Mu heard of it and said angrily, "I am sending out troops, and you weep to dishearten my army — why?" The two old men said: "Your servants do not dare to dishearten your army. The army marches and our sons go with it; we are old, and fear that if they are late in returning we shall not see each other again, and so we wept." The two old men withdrew and said to their sons, "If your army is defeated, it will surely be at the narrows of Yao." In the spring of the thirty-third year the Qin troops went east, passed through Jin territory and by the north gate of the Zhou. Wangsun Man of Zhou said, "The Qin army is without propriety; what awaits it but defeat!" The troops came to Hua, and Xian Gao, a travelling merchant of Zheng, was taking twelve oxen to sell in the Zhou; seeing the Qin troops, and fearing to be killed or taken, he presented his oxen and said: "I heard that a great state was going to punish Zheng; the ruler of Zheng has carefully put his defences in order and has sent me with twelve oxen to comfort your soldiers." The three Qin generals said to one another, "We meant to surprise Zheng, but Zheng has already got wind of it; going on will avail nothing." They destroyed Hua. Hua was a border town of Jin.
At that time Duke Wen of Jin's funeral rites were not yet completed. The heir apparent, Duke Xiang, said angrily, "Qin insults me in my orphaned state and takes advantage of my mourning to destroy our Hua." So he dyed his mourning garments black, sent out troops to block the Qin army at Yao, struck at them and utterly routed the Qin army, so that not one man escaped. They took the three Qin generals captive and returned. Duke Wen's wife was a daughter of Qin, and she interceded for the three captive Qin generals, saying: "Duke Mu's hatred of these three men is in his very marrow; I beg you to let these three go home, so that our lord may have the pleasure of boiling them himself." The ruler of Jin agreed and sent the three Qin generals back. When the three arrived, Duke Mu in plain white garments met them in the suburbs, and weeping toward the three men said: "Because I did not use the words of Baili Xi and Jian Shu I have brought disgrace on you three; what fault is yours? Do you give your whole heart to wiping out this shame, and do not slacken." So he restored the three men to their offices and ranks as before, and treated them still more generously.
In the thirty-fourth year the heir apparent Shangchen of Chu murdered his father King Cheng and succeeded him.
Duke Mu thereupon sent Meng Mingshi and the others again with troops to attack Jin, and they fought at Pengya. Qin had the worse of it and led the troops home.
The king of the Rong sent Youyu to Qin. Youyu's forebears were men of Jin who had fled among the Rong, and he could speak the Jin language. Hearing that Duke Mu was worthy, the king sent Youyu to observe Qin. Duke Mu of Qin showed him his palaces and his stores. Youyu said: "If ghosts had made these, it would have wearied the spirits; if men made them, it has been hard on the people too." Duke Mu thought this strange and asked: "The central states govern by the Odes, the Documents, rites, music, laws and measures, and yet there is often disorder; now the Rong and Yi have none of these — by what do they govern? Is it not difficult?" Youyu laughed and said: "This is just why the central states are in disorder. From the highest sage, the Yellow Emperor, who made rites, music, laws and measures and led the way in person, there was only small good order. As for later ages, they have grown daily more arrogant and licentious. Relying on the majesty of laws and measures, they hold those below to account; those below, worn out, resent those above in the name of humanity and righteousness; above and below contend in resentment and usurp and murder one another, even to the extermination of clans — all of it comes of this sort of thing. With the Rong and Yi it is not so. Those above hold to a simple virtue in dealing with those below, and those below cherish loyalty and good faith in serving those above, and the government of a whole state is like the ordering of a single body; they do not know how it is governed — this is truly a sage's government." Thereupon Duke Mu withdrew and asked the Inner Scribe Liao: "I have heard that a sage in a neighbouring state is a worry to rival states. Now Youyu is worthy, and he is my harm; what shall I do?" The Inner Scribe Liao said: "The king of the Rong dwells in a remote and hidden place and has not heard the music of the central states. Let Your Lordship try sending him women musicians, to take away his purpose; and ask for Youyu, so as to estrange them; and keep him and not send him back, so that he misses his appointed time. The king of the Rong will think it strange and will certainly suspect Youyu. Ruler and minister being estranged, he may then be taken. Moreover the king of the Rong is fond of music, and will certainly grow slack in government." Duke Mu said, "Good." So he sat with Youyu on adjoining mats and passed him dishes as they ate, and asked about the lie of the land and the strength of the troops until he had examined it all; and afterwards he had the Inner Scribe Liao send twice eight women musicians to the king of the Rong. The king of the Rong received them and was delighted, and to the end of the year did not send them back. Thereupon Qin sent Youyu back. Youyu remonstrated repeatedly and was not heeded, and Duke Mu also repeatedly sent men secretly to invite Youyu, and Youyu at last left and submitted to Qin. Duke Mu treated him with the courtesy due a guest and asked him about the way to attack the Rong.
In the thirty-sixth year Duke Mu treated Meng Ming and the others still more generously and sent them with troops to attack Jin; they crossed the He and burned their boats, utterly defeated the men of Jin, and took Wangguan and Hao, in requital for the affair at Yao. The men of Jin all held their walls and dared not come out. Thereupon Duke Mu crossed the He from Maojin, raised mounds over the corpses at Yao, held funeral rites for them and wept for them three days. Then he made an oath to the army, saying: "Ah, soldiers! Listen without clamour, and I will declare my oath to you. The men of old, when they took counsel of the grey-haired and hoary, made no mistakes." This was to express his regret at not having used the counsel of Jian Shu and Baili Xi, and therefore he made this oath, so that later ages should record his fault. When gentlemen heard of it, they all shed tears and said: "Alas! Duke Mu of Qin was thorough in his dealings with men, and in the end he had the blessing of Meng Ming."
In the thirty-seventh year Qin used Youyu's plan to attack the king of the Rong, adding twelve states and opening up a thousand li of territory, and so became hegemon over the Western Rong. The Son of Heaven sent the Duke of Shao, Guo, to congratulate Duke Mu with a gift of a metal drum. In the thirty-ninth year Duke Mu died and was buried at Yong. Those who followed him in death were a hundred and seventy-seven, and three worthy ministers of Qin of the Ziyu clan, named Yanxi, Zhonghang and Qianhu, were also among those who followed him in death. The men of Qin grieved for them and made for them the poem of the Yellow Bird. A gentleman said: "Duke Mu of Qin widened his territory and added to his state; in the east he subdued the strong Jin, in the west he was hegemon over the Rong and Yi; yet that he did not become leader of the covenant of the lords is only fitting. At his death he abandoned his people and took his good ministers to follow him in death. Moreover, when a former king dies he still leaves behind his virtue and hands down his statutes, how much more when one takes away the good men whom the people grieve for? By this one knows that Qin could not again campaign eastward." Duke Mu had forty sons, and his heir apparent Ying succeeded him; this is Duke Kang.
In Duke Kang's first year. In the previous year when Duke Mu died, Duke Xiang of Jin also died; Duke Xiang's younger brother named Yong, born of a Qin woman, was in Qin. Zhao Dun of Jin wished to set him up and sent Sui Hui to welcome Yong, and Qin escorted him with troops as far as Linghu. Jin set up Duke Xiang's son and turned about and struck the Qin army; the Qin army was defeated, and Sui Hui fled to Qin. In the second year Qin attacked Jin and took Wucheng, in requital for the affair at Linghu. In the fourth year Jin attacked Qin and took Shaoliang. In the sixth year Qin attacked Jin and took Jima. They fought at Hequ and utterly defeated the Jin army. The men of Jin were troubled that Sui Hui was in Qin making trouble, so they had Wei Chouyu feign defection and plot together with Hui, and by a ruse they got Hui, and Hui then returned to Jin. Duke Kang was on the throne twelve years and died, and his son Duke Gong was set up.
In Duke Gong's second year Zhao Chuan of Jin murdered his ruler Duke Ling. In the third year King Zhuang of Chu was strong, and his troops went north as far as Luo and asked about the tripods of Zhou. Duke Gong was on the throne five years and died, and his son Duke Huan was set up.
In Duke Huan's third year Jin defeated one of our generals. In the tenth year King Zhuang of Chu subdued Zheng and in the north defeated the Jin troops on the He. At that time Chu was hegemon and held assemblies and covenants of the lords. In the twenty-fourth year Duke Li of Jin newly came to the throne and made a covenant with Duke Huan of Qin on either side of the He. On returning, Qin went back on the covenant and plotted with the Di to strike Jin. In the twenty-sixth year Jin led the lords to attack Qin; the Qin army was defeated and fled, and they pursued as far as the Jing and turned back. Duke Huan was on the throne twenty-seven years and died, and his son Duke Jing was set up.
In Duke Jing's fourth year Luan Shu of Jin murdered his ruler Duke Li. In the fifteenth year Qin rescued Zheng and defeated the Jin troops at Li. At this time Duke Dao of Jin was leader of the covenant. In the eighteenth year Duke Dao of Jin was strong and repeatedly assembled the lords and led them to attack Qin, and defeated the Qin army. The Qin army fled and the Jin troops pursued them, crossed the Jing, reached Yulin and turned back. In the twenty-seventh year Duke Jing went to Jin and made a covenant with Duke Ping, and afterwards went back on it. In the thirty-sixth year the prince Wei of Chu murdered his ruler and set himself up; this is King Ling. Duke Jing's younger brother by the same mother, Houzi Zhen, was favoured, and Duke Jing's younger brother was rich; someone slandered him, and fearing to be put to death he fled to Jin, with a thousand carriages of baggage. Duke Ping of Jin said, "Houzi being as rich as this, why did he flee?" He answered, "The Lord of Qin is without principle, and I feared to be put to death; I mean to wait for his successor and then return." In the thirty-ninth year King Ling of Chu was strong and assembled the lords at Shen, becoming leader of the covenant, and killed Qing Feng of Qi. Duke Jing was on the throne forty years and died, and his son Duke Ai was set up. Houzi came back again to Qin.
In Duke Ai's eighth year the prince Qiji of Chu murdered King Ling and set himself up; this is King Ping. In the eleventh year King Ping of Chu came to ask for a daughter of Qin as wife for the heir apparent Jian. When she reached the state, the girl was beautiful and he took her himself. In the fifteenth year King Ping of Chu wished to put Jian to death, and Jian fled; Wu Zixu fled to Wu. The ducal house of Jin grew low and the six ministers strong, and they wished to attack one another within, and for this reason Qin and Jin did not attack each other for a long time. In the thirty-first year King Helü of Wu with Wu Zixu attacked Chu; the king of Chu fled to Sui, and Wu thereupon entered Ying. The Chu great officer Shen Baoxu came to report the emergency, and for seven days did not eat, weeping day and night. Thereupon Qin sent five hundred chariots to rescue Chu and defeated the Wu army. The Wu army went home, and King Zhao of Chu was then able to re-enter Ying. Duke Ai was on the throne thirty-six years and died. His heir apparent was Duke Yi; Duke Yi died early and could not be set up, so Duke Yi's son was set up; this is Duke Hui.
In Duke Hui's first year Confucius carried out the duties of chief minister of Lu. In the fifth year the Jin ministers Zhonghang and the Fan clan rebelled against Jin, and Jin sent the Zhi clan and Zhao Jianzi to attack them, and the Fan and Zhonghang clans fled to Qi. Duke Hui was on the throne ten years and died, and his son Duke Dao was set up.
In Duke Dao's second year the Qi minister Tian Qi murdered his ruler Ruzi and set up his elder brother Yangsheng; this is Duke Dao. In the sixth year Wu defeated the Qi army. The men of Qi murdered Duke Dao and set up his son Duke Jian. In the ninth year Duke Ding of Jin made a covenant with King Fuchai of Wu, and they contended for precedence at Huangchi, and in the end Wu took precedence. Wu was strong and overbore the central states. In the twelfth year Tian Chang of Qi murdered Duke Jian and set up his younger brother Duke Ping, and Chang became his chief minister. In the thirteenth year Chu destroyed Chen. Duke Dao of Qin was on the throne fourteen years and died, and his son Duke Ligong was set up. Confucius died in Duke Dao's twelfth year.
In Duke Ligong's second year men of Shu came with tribute. In the sixteenth year he dug a moat along the He. With twenty thousand troops he attacked Dali and took its royal city. In the twenty-first year Pinyang was first made a county. Jin took Wucheng. In the twenty-fourth year there was disorder in Jin; they killed the Earl of Zhi and divided his state among Zhao, Han and Wei. In the twenty-fifth year Zhi Kai and the men of his town fled to us. In the thirty-third year he attacked the Yiqu and took their king captive. In the thirty-fourth year there was an eclipse of the sun. Duke Ligong died and his son Duke Zao was set up. In Duke Zao's second year Nanzheng revolted. In the thirteenth year the Yiqu came and attacked, reaching south of the Wei. In the fourteenth year Duke Zao died, and his younger brother Duke Huai was set up.
In Duke Huai's fourth year the Chief Chao with the great ministers surrounded Duke Huai, and Duke Huai killed himself. Duke Huai's heir apparent was called Zhaozi, who died early, so the great ministers set up the son of the heir apparent Zhaozi; this is Duke Ling. Duke Ling was Duke Huai's grandson.
In Duke Ling's sixth year Jin walled Shaoliang, and Qin struck at them. In the thirteenth year he walled Jigu. Duke Ling died, and his son Duke Xian could not be set up; they set up Duke Ling's uncle Daozi; this is Duke Jian. Duke Jian was Zhaozi's younger brother and Duke Huai's son.
In Duke Jian's sixth year the officials were first ordered to wear swords. He dug a moat along the Luo. He walled Chongquan. In the sixteenth year he died, and his son Duke Hui was set up.
In Duke Hui's twelfth year his son Chuzi was born. In the thirteenth year he attacked Shu and took Nanzheng. Duke Hui died and Chuzi was set up.
In Chuzi's second year the Chief Gai welcomed Duke Ling's son Duke Xian from west of the He and set him up. They killed Chuzi and his mother and sank them beside a deep pool. Because Qin had repeatedly changed rulers, and ruler and ministers were at odds and in disorder, Jin grew strong again and seized Qin's lands west of the He.
In Duke Xian's first year he put an end to following the dead. In the second year he walled Yueyang. In the fourth year, in the first month, on the gengyin day, Duke Xiao was born. In the eleventh year the Grand Scribe of Zhou, Dan, saw Duke Xian and said: "The Zhou was formerly joined with the state of Qin and then separated; after five hundred years apart they will join again, and seventeen years after they join a hegemon and king will come forth." In the sixteenth year peach trees flowered in winter. In the eighteenth year gold rained at Yueyang. In the twenty-first year he fought with Jin at Shimen and beheaded sixty thousand, and the Son of Heaven congratulated him with embroidered robes. In the twenty-third year he fought with Wei of Jin at Shaoliang and took their general Gongsun Cuo captive. In the twenty-fourth year Duke Xian died, and his son Duke Xiao was set up, being already twenty-one years of age.
In Duke Xiao's first year, east of the He and the mountains there were six strong states, and he ranked with King Wei of Qi, King Xuan of Chu, King Hui of Wei, Duke Dao of Yan, Marquis Ai of Han and Marquis Cheng of Zhao. Between the Huai and the Si were more than ten small states. Chu and Wei bordered on Qin. Wei had built a long wall from Zheng along the Luo northward, and held Shangjun. Chu, from Hanzhong southward, held Ba and Qianzhong. The house of Zhou was weak, and the lords governed by force and contended in annexing one another. Qin lay remote in Yongzhou and did not take part in the assemblies and covenants of the lords of the central states, who treated it as one of the Yi and Di. Duke Xiao thereupon spread kindness, relieved orphans and widows, called in fighting men and made clear the rewards for merit. He gave out an order within the state: "Of old our Duke Mu, from between Qi and Yong, cultivated virtue and practised arms; in the east he settled the disorders of Jin and made the He his boundary; in the west he was hegemon over the Rong and Di and opened up a thousand li of land; the Son of Heaven conferred on him the title of hegemon and the lords all congratulated him, and he opened up an inheritance for later ages, most glorious and fine. But it happened that Li, Zao, Jian and Chuzi were not at peace, and the state had troubles within and had no leisure for affairs abroad; the three houses of Jin attacked and seized the lands west of the He that our former rulers held, and the lords looked down on Qin — no disgrace was greater. When Duke Xian came to the throne he settled and comforted the frontier and moved his seat to Yueyang, and moreover wished to campaign eastward and recover Duke Mu's former lands and carry out Duke Mu's ordinances. I think of my former rulers' intent and it is a constant pain to my heart. Of guests and ministers, if any can put forward an extraordinary plan to make Qin strong, I will give him high office and share land with him." Thereupon he sent out troops and in the east besieged the city of Shan, and in the west beheaded the Yuan king of the Rong.
Wei Yang heard that this order had been given out and went west into Qin, and through Jing Jian sought an audience with Duke Xiao.
In the second year the Son of Heaven sent sacrificial meat.
In the third year Wei Yang urged Duke Xiao to change the laws and reform the punishments, within to attend to ploughing and sowing, without to encourage by rewards and punishments those who would die in battle; and Duke Xiao thought well of it. Gan Long, Du Zhi and others did not agree and contended with him over it. In the end Yang's laws were used; the people suffered under them, and after three years the people found them convenient. So he appointed Yang Left Chief. This matter is in the account of the Lord of Shang.
In the seventh year he met King Hui of Wei at Duping. In the eighth year he fought with Wei at Yuanli and had success. In the tenth year Wei Yang became Grand Director and led troops to besiege Anyi of Wei, and it surrendered. In the twelfth year he made Xianyang, built the watch-towers, and Qin moved its capital there. He combined the small townships and villages, gathering them into great counties, each county with one magistrate, forty-one counties in all. He opened up the field paths and boundaries. In the east his territory crossed the Luo. In the fourteenth year the land tax was first instituted. In the nineteenth year the Son of Heaven conferred the title of hegemon. In the twentieth year the lords all congratulated him. Qin sent the prince Shaoguan to lead an army to meet the lords at Fengze and to pay court to the Son of Heaven.
In the twenty-first year Qi defeated Wei at Maling.
In the twenty-second year Wei Yang struck at Wei and took the Wei prince Ang captive. Yang was enfeoffed as a full marquis, styled the Lord of Shang.
In the twenty-fourth year he fought with Jin at Yanmen and took their general Wei Cuo captive.
Duke Xiao died and his son Lord Huiwen was set up. In that year Wei Yang was put to death. When Yang first set up laws for Qin, the laws were not carried out, and the heir apparent broke a prohibition. Yang said: "That the laws are not carried out begins with the noble kindred. If Your Lordship truly wishes to carry out the laws, begin with the heir apparent. The heir apparent cannot be branded; let his tutors be branded." Thereupon the laws were fully applied and the men of Qin were well governed. When Duke Xiao died and the heir apparent was set up, many of the ducal clan resented Yang; Yang fled, and on that account was charged with rebellion, and in the end was torn apart by chariots and his body paraded through the state of Qin.
In Lord Huiwen's first year men of Chu, Han, Zhao and Shu came to court. In the second year the Son of Heaven sent congratulations. In the third year the king was capped. In the fourth year the Son of Heaven sent the sacrificial meat of Wen and Wu. Qi and Wei took the title of king.
In the fifth year Xishou, a man of Yinjin, became Grand Director. In the sixth year Wei ceded Yinjin, and Yinjin was renamed Ningqin. In the seventh year the prince Ang fought with Wei and took their general Long Jia captive, beheading eighty thousand. In the eighth year Wei ceded the lands west of the He. In the ninth year he crossed the He and took Fenyin and Pishi. He met the king of Wei at Ying. He besieged Jiao and it surrendered. In the tenth year Zhang Yi became chief minister of Qin. Wei ceded fifteen counties of Shangjun. In the eleventh year Yiqu was made a county. Jiao and Quwo were returned to Wei. The ruler of Yiqu became a subject. Shaoliang was renamed Xiayang. In the twelfth year the La sacrifice was first held. In the thirteenth year, in the fourth month, on the wuwu day, the ruler of Wei took the title of king, and Han also took the title of king. He sent Zhang Yi to attack and take Shan, and expelled its people and gave them to Wei.
In the fourteenth year the year-count was begun anew. In the second year Zhang Yi met the great ministers of Qi and Chu at Niesang. In the third year the heirs apparent of Han and Wei came to court. Zhang Yi became chief minister of Wei. In the fifth year the king travelled as far as the North He. In the seventh year Yue Chi became chief minister of Qin. Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan and Qi led the Xiongnu in a joint attack on Qin. Qin sent the Chief Ji to fight them at Xiuyu, and took their general Shen Cha captive, defeated the Zhao prince Ke and the Han heir apparent Huan, and beheaded eighty-two thousand. In the eighth year Zhang Yi again became chief minister of Qin. In the ninth year Sima Cuo attacked Shu and destroyed it. He attacked and took Zhongdu and Xiyang of Zhao. In the tenth year the Han heir apparent Cang came as hostage. He attacked and took Shizhang of Han. He attacked and defeated the Zhao general Ni. He attacked and took twenty-five cities of the Yiqu. In the eleventh year Chuli Ji attacked Jiao of Wei and it surrendered. He defeated Han at Anmen, beheading ten thousand, and their general Xishou fled. The prince Tong was enfeoffed in Shu. The ruler of Yan yielded his state to his minister Zizhi. In the twelfth year the king met the king of Liang at Linjin. The Chief Ji attacked Zhao and took the Zhao general Zhuang captive. Zhang Yi became chief minister of Chu. In the thirteenth year the Chief Zhang struck at Chu at Danyang, took their general Qu Gai captive and beheaded eighty thousand; he also attacked Hanzhong of Chu, took six hundred li of land and set up the commandery of Hanzhong. Chu besieged Yongshi, and Qin sent the Chief Ji to help Han and attack Qi in the east, and Dao Man to help Wei attack Yan. In the fourteenth year he attacked Chu and took Zhaoling. Dan and Li became subjects, and the chief minister of Shu, Zhuang, killed the Marquis of Shu and came to surrender.
King Hui died and his son King Wu was set up. Han, Wei, Qi, Chu and Yue all submitted as guests.
In King Wu's first year he met King Hui of Wei at Linjin. He put the chief minister of Shu, Zhuang, to death. Zhang Yi and Wei Zhang both went out east to Wei. He attacked the Yiqu, Dan and Li. In the second year the office of Chancellor was first set up, and Chuli Ji and Gan Mao were Chancellors of the Left and Right. Zhang Yi died in Wei. In the third year he met King Xiang of Han outside Linjin. Nangong Jie died, and Chuli Ji became chief minister of Han. King Wu said to Gan Mao: "I should like a carriage-way through the Three Rivers, so that I might glimpse the house of Zhou; then I could die without regret." In the autumn of that year he sent Gan Mao and the Chief Feng to attack Yiyang. In the fourth year he took Yiyang, beheading sixty thousand. He crossed the He and walled Wusui. The heir apparent of Wei came to court. King Wu was strong and fond of contests, and the strong men Ren Bi, Wu Huo and Meng Shuo all reached high office. The king and Meng Shuo lifted a tripod and his shin-bone snapped. In the eighth month King Wu died. Meng Shuo's clan was exterminated. King Wu had taken a Wei woman as queen and had no son. They set up his half-brother; this is King Zhaoxiang. King Zhaoxiang's mother was a woman of Chu, of the Mi clan, styled the Dowager Queen Xuan. When King Wu died, King Zhaoxiang was a hostage in Yan; the men of Yan sent him home, and he was able to be set up.
In King Zhaoxiang's first year Ji, the Lord of Yan, became chief minister. Gan Mao went out to Wei. In the second year a comet appeared. The Chief Zhuang with great ministers, lords and princes made rebellion, and all were put to death, and the Dowager Queen Huiwen too did not die a good death. King Daowu's queen went out and returned to Wei. In the third year the king was capped. He met the king of Chu at Huangji and gave Shangyong to Chu. In the fourth year he took Puban. A comet appeared. In the fifth year the king of Wei came to court at Yingting, and Puban was given back to Wei. In the sixth year the Marquis of Shu, Hui, rebelled, and Sima Cuo settled Shu. The Chief Huan attacked Chu, beheading twenty thousand. The Lord of Jingyang was a hostage in Qi. There was an eclipse of the sun and darkness by day. In the seventh year he took Xincheng. Chulizi died. In the eighth year he sent the general Mi Rong to attack Chu and take Xinshi. Qi sent Zhang Zi, Wei sent Gongsun Xi and Han sent Bao Yuan to attack Fangcheng of Chu together, and they took Tang Mei. Zhao broke Zhongshan, and its ruler fled and died at last in Qi. The Wei prince Jin and the Han prince Chang were made territorial lords. In the ninth year the Lord of Mengchang, Xue Wen, came to be chief minister of Qin. Huan attacked Chu and took eight cities, killing their general Jing Kuai. In the tenth year King Huai of Chu came to court in Qin, and Qin detained him. Xue Wen was dismissed on account of gold. Lou Huan became Chancellor. In the eleventh year Qi, Han, Wei, Zhao, Song and Zhongshan, five states in all, attacked Qin together, reached Yanshi and turned back. Qin gave Han and Wei the lands north of the He and Fengling to make peace. A comet appeared. King Huai of Chu fled to Zhao, and Zhao would not receive him; he was returned to Qin and died there, and his body was sent back for burial. In the twelfth year Lou Huan was dismissed and the Marquis of Rang, Wei Ran, became chief minister. Fifty thousand piculs of grain were given to Chu.
In the thirteenth year Xiang Shou attacked Han and took Wushi. The Left Overseer Bai Qi attacked Xincheng. The Grandee of the Fifth Rank Li fled to Wei. Ren Bi became Governor of Hanzhong. In the fourteenth year the Left Overseer Bai Qi attacked Han and Wei at Yique, beheading two hundred and forty thousand, took Gongsun Xi captive and took five cities. In the fifteenth year the Grand Director Bai Qi attacked Wei and took Yuan, then gave it back. He attacked Chu and took Wan. In the sixteenth year the Left Overseer Cuo took Zhi and Deng. Ran was dismissed; the prince Shi was enfeoffed at Wan, the prince Kui at Deng, and Wei Ran at Tao, as territorial lords. In the seventeenth year the Lord of Chengyang came to court, and the ruler of the Eastern Zhou came to court. Qin made Yuan into Puban and Pishi. The king went to Yiyang. In the eighteenth year Cuo attacked Yuan and Heyong, broke their bridges and took them. In the nineteenth year the king became Emperor of the West and Qi Emperor of the East, and both afterwards gave up the title. Lü Li came of himself to submit. Qi broke Song, and the king of Song, being in Wei, died at Wen. Ren Bi died. In the twentieth year the king went to Hanzhong, and also to Shangjun and the North He. In the twenty-first year Cuo attacked Henei of Wei. Wei presented Anyi, and Qin expelled its people, summoned settlers to Hedong with grants of rank, and pardoned criminals and moved them there. The Lord of Jingyang was enfeoffed at Wan. In the twenty-second year Meng Wu attacked Qi. Hedong was made into nine counties. He met the king of Chu at Wan, and the king of Zhao at Zhongyang. In the twenty-third year the Commandant Si Li with the three houses of Jin and with Yan attacked Qi and broke them west of the Ji. The king met the king of Wei at Yiyang and the king of Han at Xincheng. In the twenty-fourth year he met the king of Chu at Yan, and again at Rang. Qin took Ancheng of Wei and reached Daliang; Yan and Zhao came to its relief, and the Qin army withdrew. Wei Ran was dismissed as chief minister. In the twenty-fifth year he took two cities of Zhao. He met the king of Han at Xincheng and the king of Wei at Xinmingyi. In the twenty-sixth year he pardoned criminals and moved them to Rang. The Marquis Ran became chief minister again. In the twenty-seventh year Cuo attacked Chu. He pardoned criminals and moved them to Nanyang. Bai Qi attacked Zhao and took Guanglang City in Dai. He also sent Sima Cuo to set out from Longxi and, by way of Shu, attack Qianzhong of Chu, and took it. In the twenty-eighth year the Grand Director Bai Qi attacked Chu and took Yan and Deng, and pardoned criminals and moved them there. In the twenty-ninth year the Grand Director Bai Qi attacked Chu, took Ying and made it the commandery of Nan, and the king of Chu fled. The ruler of Zhou came. The king met the king of Chu at Xiangling. Bai Qi was made Lord of Wu'an. In the thirtieth year Ruo, Governor of Shu, attacked Chu and took the commandery of Wu, and the lands south of the Jiang were made the commandery of Qianzhong. In the thirty-first year Bai Qi attacked Wei and took two cities. The men of Chu revolted from us south of the Jiang. In the thirty-second year the chief minister, the Marquis of Rang, attacked Wei, reached Daliang, defeated Bao Yuan, beheading forty thousand; Yuan fled, and Wei ceded three counties and asked for peace. In the thirty-third year the guest minister Hu Yang attacked Juan, Caiyang and Changshe of Wei and took them. He struck at Mang Mao at Huayang and defeated him, beheading a hundred and fifty thousand. Wei ceded Nanyang to make peace. In the thirty-fourth year Qin made the lands of Shangyong of Wei and Han into one commandery, and settled there the exempted subjects of Nanyang. In the thirty-fifth year he assisted Han, Wei and Chu in attacking Yan. The commandery of Nanyang was first set up. In the thirty-sixth year the guest minister Zao attacked Qi and took Gang and Shou, giving them to the Marquis of Rang. In the thirty-eighth year the Middle Overseer Hu Yang attacked Eyu of Zhao and could not take it. In the fortieth year the heir apparent Dao died in Wei, and his body was returned for burial at Zhiyang. In the summer of the forty-first year he attacked Wei and took Xingqiu and Huai. In the forty-second year the Lord of Anguo was made heir apparent. In the tenth month the Dowager Queen Xuan died and was buried at Mount Li in Zhiyang. In the ninth month the Marquis of Rang went out to Tao. In the forty-third year the Lord of Wu'an, Bai Qi, attacked Han and took nine cities, beheading fifty thousand. In the forty-fourth year he attacked Nanyang of Han and took it. In the forty-fifth year the Grandee of the Fifth Rank Ben attacked Han and took ten cities. The Lord of Yeyang, Kui, went out to his state, and died before arriving. In the forty-seventh year Qin attacked Shangdang of Han, and Shangdang surrendered to Zhao; Qin therefore attacked Zhao, and Zhao sent out troops to strike Qin, and they faced each other. Qin sent the Lord of Wu'an, Bai Qi, to strike at them, and utterly defeated Zhao at Changping, and more than four hundred thousand were all killed. In the tenth month of the forty-eighth year Han presented Yuanyong. The Qin army was divided into three. The Lord of Wu'an returned. Wang He led troops to attack Wu'an and Pilao of Zhao and took them. Sima Geng went north and settled Taiyuan, and Qin held the whole of Han's Shangdang. In the first month the troops rested and again garrisoned Shangdang. In the tenth month of that year the Grandee of the Fifth Rank Ling attacked Handan of Zhao. In the first month of the forty-ninth year more troops were sent to help Ling. Ling did not fight well and was dismissed, and Wang He replaced him as general. In the tenth month of that year the general Zhang Tang attacked Wei; the Commandant Cai abandoned his post and did not hold it, and on returning was beheaded. In the tenth month of the fiftieth year the Lord of Wu'an, Bai Qi, was found guilty, reduced to the ranks and banished to Yinmi. Zhang Tang attacked Zheng and took it. In the twelfth month more troops were sent to camp beside Fencheng. The Lord of Wu'an, Bai Qi, was found guilty and died. He attacked Handan and did not take it, withdrew, and hurried back to the army at Fen for more than two months. He attacked the Jin army, beheading six thousand, and twenty thousand men of Jin and Chu died adrift in the He. He attacked Fencheng, and then from Tang took Ningxinzhong, and Ningxinzhong was renamed Anyang. A bridge over the He was first built.
In the fifty-first year the general Jiu attacked Han and took Yangcheng and Fushu, beheading forty thousand. He attacked Zhao and took more than twenty counties, with ninety thousand taken or beheaded. The ruler of the Western Zhou turned against Qin, made a vertical alliance with the lords, and led the picked troops of the world out by Yique to attack Qin, so that Qin should not be able to pass through Yangcheng. Thereupon Qin sent the general Jiu to attack the Western Zhou. The ruler of the Western Zhou fled and came to submit of himself, bowed his head to the ground and accepted punishment, and offered up all his thirty-six towns and thirty thousand people. The king of Qin accepted the offering and sent the ruler back to the Zhou. In the fifty-second year the people of Zhou fled eastward, and their vessels, the nine tripods, came to Qin. The Zhou first perished.
In the fifty-third year the world came to submit. Wei was last, and Qin sent Jiu to attack Wei and take Wucheng. The king of Han came to court, and Wei entrusted its state and obeyed orders. In the fifty-fourth year the king appeared before the Lord on High in the suburbs at Yong. In the autumn of the fifty-sixth year King Zhaoxiang died, and his son King Xiaowen was set up. He honoured the Lady Tang as the Dowager Queen Tang and buried her together with the former king. The king of Han put on mourning garb and came to offer condolences and sacrifices, and the lords all sent their generals and ministers to offer condolences and sacrifices and to attend the funeral.
In King Xiaowen's first year he pardoned criminals, honoured the meritorious ministers of the former kings, showed generosity to his kindred, and opened the parks and preserves. King Xiaowen put off mourning and came to the throne in the tenth month on the jihai day, and died three days later on the xinchou day, and his son King Zhuangxiang was set up.
In King Zhuangxiang's first year there was a great pardon of criminals; he honoured the meritorious ministers of the former kings, showed kindness and generosity to his own flesh and blood, and spread favour among the people. The ruler of the Eastern Zhou plotted against Qin with the lords, and Qin sent the chief minister Lü Buwei to punish him and took his whole state. Qin did not cut off his sacrifices, but bestowed on the ruler of Zhou the land of Yangren to maintain his sacrifices. He sent Meng Ao to attack Han, and Han presented Chenggao and Gong. Qin's borders reached to Daliang, and the commandery of Sanchuan was first set up. In the second year he sent Meng Ao to attack Zhao and settle Taiyuan. In the third year Meng Ao attacked Gaodu and Ji of Wei and took them. He attacked Yuci, Xincheng and Langmeng of Zhao and took thirty-seven cities. In the fourth month there was an eclipse of the sun. Wang He attacked Shangdang. The commandery of Taiyuan was first set up. The Wei general Wuji led the troops of five states to strike at Qin, and Qin fell back beyond the He. Meng Ao was defeated, and the siege was lifted and they departed. In the fifth month, on the bingwu day, King Zhuangxiang died, and his son Zheng was set up; this is the First Emperor of Qin.
King Zheng of Qin was on the throne twenty-six years when he first united the world into thirty-six commanderies and took the title First Emperor. The First Emperor died in his fifty-first year, and his son Huhai was set up; this is the Second Emperor. In the third year the lords rose together in revolt against Qin; Zhao Gao killed the Second Emperor and set up Ziying. Ziying had been set up little more than a month when the lords put him to death, and so Qin was destroyed. This account is in the Basic Annals of the First Emperor.
The Lord Grand Astrologer says: The ancestors of Qin were of the surname Ying. Their descendants were enfeoffed separately and took their states as surnames; there are the clans of Xu, Tan, Ju, Zhongli, Yunyan, Tuqiu, Jiangliang, Huang, Jiang, Xiuyu, Baiming, Feilian and Qin. But Qin, because its forebear Zaofu was enfeoffed with the city of Zhao, was of the Zhao clan.