第一回
第一回 灵根育孕源流出 心性修持大道生
诗曰：
混沌未分天地乱，茫茫渺渺无人见。
自从盘古破鸿濛，开辟从兹清浊辨。
覆载群生仰至仁，发明万物皆成善。
欲知造化会元功，须看《西游释厄传》[1]。
盖闻天地之数，有十二万九千六百岁为一元。将一元分为十二会，乃子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戌、亥之十二支也。每会该一万八百岁。且就一日而论：子时得阳气，而丑则鸡鸣；寅不通光，而卯则日出；辰时食后，而巳则挨排；日午天中，而未则西蹉；申时晡而日落酉；戌黄昏而人定亥。譬于大数，若到戌会之终，则天地昏曚而万物否[2]矣。再去五千四百岁，交亥会之初，则当黑暗，而两间[3]人、物俱无矣，故曰混沌。又五千四百岁，亥会将终，贞下起元[4]，近子之会，而复逐渐开明。邵康节[5]曰：“冬至子之半，天心无改移。一阳初动处，万物未生时。”到此，天始有根。再五千四百岁，正当子会，轻清上腾，有日，有月，有星，有辰。日、月、星、辰，谓之四象。故曰，天开于子。又经五千四百岁，子会将终，近丑之会，而遂渐坚实。《易》曰[6]：“大哉乾元！至哉坤元！万物资生，乃顺承天。”至此，地始凝结。再五千四百岁，正当丑会，重浊下凝，有水，有火，有山，有石，有土。水、火、山、石、土，谓之五形。故曰，地辟于丑。又经五千四百岁，丑会终而寅会之初，发生万物。历曰：“天气下降，地气上升；天地交合，群物皆生。”至此，天清地爽，阴阳交合。再五千四百岁，正当寅会，生人，生兽，生禽，正谓天、地、人，三才定位。故曰，人生于寅。
感盘古开辟，三皇治世，五帝定伦，世界之间，遂分为四大部洲：曰东胜神洲，曰西牛贺洲，曰南赡部洲，曰北俱芦洲。这部书单表东胜神洲。海外有一国土，名曰傲来国。国近大海，海中有一座名山，唤为花果山。此山乃十洲之祖脉，三岛之来龙，自开清浊而立，鸿濛判后而成。真个好山！有词赋为证。赋曰：
势镇汪洋，威宁瑶海。势镇汪洋，潮涌银山鱼入穴；威宁瑶海，波翻雪浪蜃离渊。木火方隅[7]高积土，东海之处耸崇巅。丹崖怪石，削壁奇峰。丹崖上，彩凤双鸣；削壁前，麒麟独卧。峰头时听锦鸡鸣，石窟每观龙出入。林中有寿鹿仙狐，树上有灵禽玄鹤。瑶草奇花不谢，青松翠柏长春。仙桃常结果，修竹每留云。一条涧壑藤萝密，四面原堤草色新。正是百川会处擎天柱，万劫无移大地根。
那座山正当顶上，有一块仙石。其石有三丈六尺五寸高，有二丈四尺围圆。三丈六尺五寸高，按周天三百六十五度；二丈四尺围圆，按政历二十四气。上有九窍八孔，按九宫八卦。四面更无树木遮阴，左右倒有芝兰相衬。盖自开辟以来，每受天真地秀，日精月华，感之既久，遂有灵通之意。内育仙胞，一日迸裂，产一石卵，似圆球样大。因见风，化作一个石猴。五官俱备，四肢皆全。便就学爬学走，拜了四方。目运两道金光，射冲斗府。惊动高天上圣大慈仁者玉皇大天尊玄穹高上帝，驾座金阙云宫灵霄宝殿，聚集仙卿，见有金光焰焰，即命千里眼、顺风耳开南天门观看。二将果奉旨出门外，看的真，听的明，须臾回报道：“臣奉旨观听金光之处，乃东胜神洲海东傲来小国之界，有一座花果山，山上有一仙石，石产一卵，见风化一石猴，在那里拜四方，眼运金光，射冲斗府。如今服饵水食，金光将潜息矣。”玉帝垂赐恩慈曰：“下方之物，乃天地精华所生，不足为异。”
那猴在山中，却会行走跳跃，食草木，饮涧泉，采山花，觅树果；与狼虫为伴，虎豹为群，獐鹿为友，猕猿为亲；夜宿石崖之下，朝游峰洞之中。真是“山中无甲子[8]，寒尽不知年”。一朝天气炎热，与群猴避暑，都在松阴之下顽耍。你看他一个个：
跳树攀枝，采花觅果；抛弹子，邷么儿[9]；跑沙窝，砌宝塔；赶蜻蜓，扑蜡[10]；参老天，拜菩萨；扯葛藤，编草帓；捉虱子，咬又掐；理毛衣，剔指甲；挨的挨，擦的擦；推的推，压的压；扯的扯，拉的拉，青松林下任他顽， 绿水涧边随洗濯。
一群猴子耍了一会，却去那山涧中洗澡。见那股涧水奔流，真个似滚瓜涌溅。古云：“禽有禽言，兽有兽语。”众猴都道：“这股水不知是那里的水。我们今日赶闲无事，顺涧边往上溜头寻看源流，耍子去耶！”喊一声，都拖男挈女，呼弟呼兄，一齐跑来，顺涧爬山，直至源流之处，乃是一股瀑布飞泉。但见那：
一派白虹起，千寻雪浪飞。
海风吹不断，江月照还依。
冷气分青嶂，馀流润翠微。
潺湲名瀑布，真似挂帘帷。
众猴拍手称扬道：“好水！好水！原来此处远通山脚之下，直接大海之波。”又道：“那一个有本事的，钻进去寻个源头出来，不伤身体者，我等即拜他为王。”连呼了三声，忽见丛杂中跳出一个石猴，应声高叫道：“我进去！我进去！”好猴！也是他：
今日芳名显，时来大运通。
有缘居此地，天遣入仙宫。
你看他瞑目蹲身，将身一纵，径跳入瀑布泉中，忽睁睛抬头观看，那里边却无水无波，明明朗朗的一架桥梁。他住了身，定了神，仔细再看，原来是座铁板桥。桥下之水，冲贯于石窍之间，倒挂流出去，遮闭了桥门。却又欠身上桥头，再走再看，却似有人家住处一般，真个好所在。但见那：
翠藓堆蓝，白云浮玉，光摇片片烟霞。虚窗静室，滑凳板生花。乳窟龙珠倚挂，萦回满地奇葩。锅灶傍崖存火迹，樽罍[11]靠案见肴渣。石座石床真可爱，石盆石碗更堪夸。又见那一竿两竿修竹，三点五点梅花。几树青松常带雨，浑然像个人家。
看罢多时，跳过桥中间，左右观看，只见正当中有一石碣。碣上有一行楷书大字，镌[12]着“花果山福地，水帘洞洞天”。石猿喜不自胜，急抽身往外便走，复瞑目蹲身，跳出水外，打了两个呵呵道：“大造化！大造化！”众猴把他围住，问道：“里面怎么样？水有多深？”石猴道：“没水！没水！原来是一座铁板桥。桥那边是一座天造地设的家当。”众猴道：“怎见得是个家当？”石猴笑道：“这股水乃是桥下冲贯石窍，倒挂下来遮闭门户的。桥边有花有树，乃是一座石房。房内有石锅、石灶、石碗、石盆、石床、石凳。中间一块石碣上，镌着‘花果山福地，水帘洞洞天’。真个是我们安身之处。里面且是宽阔，容得千百口老小。我们都进去住，也省得受老天之气。这里边：
刮风有处躲，下雨好存身。
霜雪全无惧，雷声永不闻。
烟霞常照耀，祥瑞每蒸薰。
松竹年年秀，奇花日日新。”
众猴听得，个个欢喜，都道：“你还先走，带我们进去，进去！”石猴却又瞑目蹲身，往里一跳，叫道：“都随我进来！进来！”那些猴有胆大的，都跳进去了；胆小的，一个个伸头缩颈，抓耳挠腮，大声叫喊，缠一会，也都进去了。跳过桥头，一个个抢盆夺碗，占灶争床，搬过来，移过去，正是猴性顽劣，再无一个宁时，只搬得力倦神疲方止。石猿端坐上面道：“列位呵，‘人而无信，不知其可’。你们才说有本事进得来，出得去，不伤身体者，就拜他为王。我如今进来又出去，出去又进来，寻了这一个洞天与列位安眠稳睡，各享成家之福，何不拜我为王？”众猴听说，即拱伏无违。一个个序齿[13]排班，朝上礼拜，都称“千岁大王”。自此，石猿高登王位，将“石”字儿隐了，遂称美猴王。有诗为证。诗曰：
三阳交泰产群生，仙石胞含日月精。
借卵化猴完大道，假他名姓配丹成。
内观不识因无相，外合明知作有形。
历代人人皆属此，称王称圣任纵横。
美猴王领一群猿猴、猕猴、马猴等，分派了君臣佐使，朝游花果山，暮宿水帘洞，合契同情，不入飞鸟之丛，不从走兽之类，独自为王，不胜欢乐。是以：
春采百花为饮食，夏寻诸果作生涯。
秋收芋栗延时节，冬觅黄精[14]度岁华。
美猴王享乐天真，何期有三五百载。一日，与群猴喜宴之间，忽然忧恼，堕下泪来。众猴慌忙罗拜道：“大王何为烦恼？”猴王道：“我虽在欢喜之时，却有一点儿远虑，故此烦恼。”众猴又笑道：“大王好不知足！我等日日欢会，在仙山福地，古洞神洲，不伏麒麟辖，不伏凤凰管，又不伏人间王位所拘束，自由自在，乃无量之福，为何远虑而忧也？”猴王道：“今日虽不归人王法律，不惧禽兽威服，将来年老血衰，暗中有阎王老子管着，一旦身亡，可不枉生世界之中，不得久注天人之内？”众猴闻此言，一个个掩面悲啼，俱以无常[15]为虑。
只见那班部中，忽跳出一个通背猿猴，厉声高叫道：“大王若是这般远虑，真所谓道心开发也！如今五虫[16]之内，惟有三等名色，不伏阎王老子所管。”猴王道：“你知那三等人？”猿猴道：“乃是佛与仙与神圣三者，躲过轮回[17]，不生不灭，与天地山川齐寿。”猴王道：“此三者居于何所？”猿猴道：“他只在阎浮世界[18]之中，古洞仙山之内。”猴王闻之，满心欢喜，道：“我明日就辞汝等下山，云游海角，远涉天涯，务必访此三者，学一个不老长生，常躲过阎君之难。”噫！这句话，顿教跳出轮回网，致使齐天大圣成。众猴鼓掌称扬，都道：“善哉！善哉！我等明日越岭登山，广寻些果品，大设筵宴送大王也。”
次日，众猴果去采仙桃，摘异果，刨山药，[19]黄精，芝兰香蕙，瑶草奇花，般般件件，整整齐齐，摆开石凳石桌，排列仙酒仙肴。但见那：
金丸珠弹，红绽黄肥。金丸珠弹腊樱桃，色真甘美；红绽黄肥熟梅子，味果香酸。鲜龙眼，肉甜皮薄；火荔枝，核小囊红。林檎碧实连枝献，枇杷缃苞带叶擎。兔头梨子鸡心枣，消渴除烦更解酲。香桃烂杏，美甘甘似玉液琼浆；脆李杨梅，酸荫荫如脂酥膏酪。红囊黑子熟西瓜，四瓣黄皮大柿子。石榴裂破，丹砂粒现火晶珠；芋栗剖开，坚硬肉团金玛瑙。胡桃银杏可传茶，椰子葡萄能做酒。榛松榧柰满盘盛，橘蔗柑橙盈案摆。熟煨山药，烂煮黄精。捣碎茯苓并薏苡，石锅微火漫炊羹。人间纵有珍羞味，怎比山猴乐更宁？
群猴尊美猴王上坐，各依齿肩排于下边，一个个轮流上前，奉酒，奉花，奉果，痛饮了一日。次日，美猴王早起，教：“小的们，替我折些枯松，编作筏子，取个竹竿作篙，收拾些果品之类，我将去也。”果独自登筏，尽力撑开，飘飘荡荡，径向大海波中，趁天风，来渡南赡部洲地界。这一去，正是那：
天产仙猴道行隆，离山驾筏趁天风。
飘洋过海寻仙道，立志潜修建大功。
有分有缘休俗愿，无忧无虑会元龙[20]。
料应必遇知音者，说破源流万法通。
也是他运至时来，自登木筏之后，连日东南风紧，将他送到西北岸前，乃是南赡部洲地界。持篙试水，偶得浅水，弃了筏子，跳上岸来，只见海边上有人捕鱼、打雁、挖蛤、淘盐。他走近前，弄个把戏，妆个虎[21]，吓得那些人丢筐弃网，四散奔跑。将那跑不动的拿住一个，剥了他的衣裳，也学人穿在身上，摇摇摆摆，穿州过府，在于市廛中，学人礼，学人话。朝餐夜宿，一心里访问佛仙神圣之道，觅个长生不老之方。见世人都是为名为利之徒，更无一个为身命者。正是那：
争名夺利几时休？早起迟眠不自由！
骑着驴骡思骏马，官居宰相望王侯。
只愁衣食耽劳碌，何怕阎君就取勾？
继子荫孙图富贵，更无一个肯回头！
猴王参访仙道，无缘得遇。在于南赡部洲，串长城，游小县，不觉八九年馀。忽行至西洋大海，他想着海外必有神仙。独自个依前作筏，又飘过西海，直至西牛贺洲地界。登岸遍访多时，忽见一座高山秀丽，林麓幽深。他也不怕狼虫，不惧虎豹，登山顶上观看。果是好山：
千峰列戟，万仞开屏。日映岚光轻锁翠，雨收黛色冷含青。枯藤缠老树，古渡界幽程。奇花瑞草，修竹乔松。修竹乔松，万载常青欺福地；奇花瑞草，四时不谢赛蓬瀛[22]。幽鸟啼声近，源泉响溜清。重重谷壑芝兰绕，处处巉崖苔藓生。起伏峦头龙脉好，必有高人隐姓名。
正观看间，忽闻得林深之处有人言语，急忙趋步，穿入林中，侧耳而听，原来是歌唱之声。歌曰：
“观棋柯烂，伐木丁丁，云边谷口徐行。卖薪沽酒，狂笑自陶情。苍径秋高，对月枕松根，一觉天明。认旧林，登崖过岭，持斧断枯藤。 收来成一担，行歌市上，易米三升。更无些子争竞，时价平平。不会机谋巧算，没荣辱，恬淡延生。相逢处，非仙即道，静坐讲《黄庭》[23]。”
美猴王听得此言，满心欢喜道：“神仙原来藏在这里！”即忙跳入里面，仔细再看，乃是一个樵子，在那里举斧砍柴。但看他打扮非常：
头上戴箬笠，乃是新笋初脱之箨[24]。身上穿布衣，乃是木绵捻就之纱。腰间系环绦，乃是老蚕口吐之丝。足下踏草履，乃是枯莎搓就之爽[25]。手执衠钢斧，担挽火麻绳。扳松劈枯树，争似此樵能！
猴王近前叫道：“老神仙！弟子起手[26]。”那樵汉慌忙丢了斧，转身答礼道：“不当人[27]！不当人！我拙汉衣食不全，怎敢当‘神仙’二字？”猴王道：“你不是神仙，如何说出神仙的话来？”樵夫道：“我说甚么神仙话？”猴王道：“我才来至林边，只听的你说：‘相逢处，非仙即道，静坐讲《黄庭》。’《黄庭》乃道德真言，非神仙而何？”樵夫笑道：“实不瞒你说，这个词名做《满庭芳》，乃一神仙教我的。那神仙与我舍下相邻。他见我家事劳苦，日常烦恼，教我遇烦恼时，即把这词儿念念，一则散心，二则解困。我才有些不足处思虑，故此念念。不期被你听了。”猴王道：“你家既与神仙相邻，何不从他修行？学得个不老之方，却不是好？”樵夫道：“我一生命苦：自幼蒙父母养育至八九岁，才知人事，不幸父丧，母亲居孀。再无兄弟姊妹，只我一人，没奈何，早晚侍奉。如今母老，一发不敢抛离。却又田园荒芜，衣食不足，只得斫两束柴薪，挑向市廛之间，卖几文钱，籴几升米，自炊自造，安排些茶饭，供养老母，所以不能修行。”
猴王道：“据你说起来，乃是一个行孝的君子，向后必有好处。但望你指与我那神仙住处，却好拜访去也。”樵夫道：“不远，不远。此山叫做灵台方寸[28]山。山中有座斜月三星洞。那洞中有一个神仙，称名须菩提[29]祖师。那祖师出去的徒弟，也不计其数，见今还有三四十人从他修行。你顺那条小路儿，向南行七八里远近，即是他家了。”猴王用手扯住樵夫道：“老兄，你便同我去去。若还得了好处，决不忘你指引之恩。”樵夫道：“你这汉子，甚不通变。我方才这般与你说了，你还不省？假若我与你去了，却不误了我的生意？老母何人奉养？我要斫柴，你自去，自去。”
猴王听说，只得相辞。出深林，找上路径，过一山坡，约有七八里远，果然望见一座洞府。挺身观看，真好去处！但见：
烟霞散彩，日月摇光。千株老柏，万节修篁。千株老柏，带雨半空青冉冉；万节修篁，含烟一壑色苍苍。门外奇花布锦，桥边瑶草喷香。石崖突兀青苔润，悬壁高张翠藓长。时闻仙鹤唳，每见凤凰翔。仙鹤唳时，声振九皋霄汉[30]远；凤凰翔起，翎毛五色彩云光。玄猿白鹿随隐见，金狮玉象任行藏。细观灵福地，真个赛天堂！
又见那洞门紧闭，静悄悄杳无人迹。忽回头，见崖头立一石碑，约有三丈馀高，八尺馀阔，上有一行十个大字，乃是“灵台方寸山，斜月三星洞”。美猴王十分欢喜道：“此间人果是朴实。果有此山此洞。”看够多时，不敢敲门。且去跳上松枝梢头，摘松子吃了顽耍。
少顷间，只听得呀的一声，洞门开处，里面走出一个仙童，真是丰姿英伟，像貌清奇，比寻常俗子不同。但见他：
髽髻[31]双丝绾，宽袍两袖风。
貌和身自别，心与相俱空。
物外长年客，山中永寿童。
一尘全不染，甲子任翻腾。
那童子出得门来，高叫道：“甚么人在此搔扰？”猴王扑的跳下树来，上前躬身道：“仙童，我是个访道学仙之弟子，更不敢在此搔扰。”仙童笑道：“你是个访道的么？”猴王道：“是。”童子道：“我家师父正才下榻，登坛讲道，还未说出原由，就教我出来开门，说：‘外面有个修行的来了，可去接待接待。’想必就是你了？”猴王笑道：“是我，是我。”童子道：“你跟我进来。”
这猴王整衣端肃，随童子径入洞天深处观看：一层层深阁琼楼，一进进珠宫贝阙，说不尽那静室幽居。直至瑶台之下，见那菩提祖师端坐在台上，两边有三十个小仙侍立台下。果然是：
大觉金仙没垢姿，西方妙相祖菩提。
不生不灭三三行[32]，全气全神万万慈。
空寂自然随变化，真如本性任为之。
与天同寿庄严体，历劫明心大法师。
美猴王一见，倒身下拜，磕头不计其数，口中只道：“师父！师父！我弟子志心朝礼！志心朝礼！”祖师道：“你是那方人氏？且说个乡贯姓名明白，再拜。”猴王道：“弟子乃东胜神洲傲来国花果山水帘洞人氏。”祖师喝令：“赶出去！他本是个撒诈捣虚之徒，那里修甚么道果！”猴王慌忙磕头不住道：“弟子是老实之言，决无虚诈。”祖师道：“你既老实，怎么说东胜神洲？那去处到我这里，隔两重大海，一座南赡部洲，如何就得到此？”猴王叩头道：“弟子飘洋过海，登界游方，有十数个年头，方才访到此处。”
祖师道：“既是逐渐行来的，也罢。你姓甚么？”猴王又道：“我无性。人若骂我，我也不恼；若打我，我也不嗔，只是陪个礼儿就罢了。一生无性。”祖师道：“不是这个性。你父母原来姓甚么？”猴王道：“我也无父母。”祖师道：“既无父母，想是树上生的？”猴王道：“我虽不是树上生，却是石里长的。我只记得花果山上有一块仙石，其年石破，我便生也。”祖师闻言暗喜，道：“这等说，却是个天地生成的。你起来走走我看。”猴王纵身跳起，拐呀拐的走了两遍。祖师笑道：“你身躯虽是鄙陋，却像个食松果的猢狲。我与你就身上取个姓氏，意思教你姓‘猢’。‘猢’字去了个兽傍，乃是个古月。古者，老也；月者，阴也。老阴不能化育，教你姓‘狲’倒好。‘狲’字去了兽傍，乃是个子系。子者，儿男也；系者，婴细也。正合婴儿之本论。教你姓‘孙’罢。”猴王听说，满心欢喜，朝上叩头道：“好！好！好！今日方知姓也。万望师父慈悲！既然有姓，再乞赐个名字，却好呼唤。”祖师道：“我门中有十二个字，分派起名，到你乃第十辈之小徒矣。”猴王道：“那十二个字？”祖师道：“乃广、大、智、慧、真、如、性、海、颖、悟、圆、觉十二字。排到你，正当‘悟’字。与你起个法名叫做‘孙悟空’，好么？”猴王笑道：“好！好！好！自今就叫做孙悟空也！”正是：
鸿濛初辟原无姓，打破顽空须悟空。
毕竟不知向后修些甚么道果，且听下回分解。
[1] 《西游释厄传》：是较早的《西游记》传本之一。今所知、见者，有“大略堂”本、“书林刘莲台梓”本等。释指唐僧，厄即灾难，即如本书所载唐僧于取经途中所遭遇的厄难。
[2] 否（pǐ）：闭塞。此处指毁灭。
[3] 两间：天地之间。
[4] 贞下起元：古人认为事物循环有元、亨、利、贞四个阶段。“贞下起元”指“贞”之后重新从“元”开始新的循环过程。
[5] 邵康节：邵雍（一○一一—一○七七），康节是他死后的谥号。北宋哲学家、数术家。这里所说的“会元”，即邵雍所谓“元会运世”（三十年为一世，十二世为一运，三十运为一会，十二会为一元）的无稽说法，详见其所著《皇极经世书》中。
[6] “《易》曰”几句：《易》即《易经》，是我国古代一部讲占卜的书。它包括六十四卦的卦辞和解释卦辞的文字共两大部分。“乾”“坤”为两个卦名，乾为天，坤为地。“大哉乾元”几句系把乾坤两卦彖辞综合在一起，意为万物的资生、发展，都是顺承天地的“德”（基本法则）的。
[7] 木火方隅：东南方向。古人认为东方属木，南方属火。
[8] 甲子：古代用甲乙丙丁等十个天干和子丑寅卯等十二个地支相配，以六十为一周，来纪年月日。这里即指历日。
[9] 邷（wǎ）么儿：一种玩弄碎瓦砾或小石子等的儿童游戏，有些地方称为“抓子儿”。
[10] （bā）蜡：即蝗虫。
[11] 樽（zūn）罍（léi）：古代盛酒的容器。
[12] 镌（juān）：雕刻。
[13] 序齿：按年龄为次序。齿，指年龄。
[14] 黄精：一种草药名。
[15] 无常：佛教语，指世间的一切事物，都处在生、灭、变化之中，迁流不停，顷刻不止。这里是死亡的意思。
[16] 五虫：古人对动物的分类，称做五虫：人类叫倮虫，兽类叫毛虫，禽类叫羽虫，鱼类叫鳞虫，昆虫类叫介虫。
[17] 轮回：佛教以为众生展转在天、人、阿修罗、鬼、畜生、地狱六道中，生死不已，像车轮旋转，永不停息，叫轮回。
[18] 阎浮世界：阎浮，是梵语“赡部”的异译，原意即指南赡部洲。这里泛指人类世界。
[19] （zhú）：挖掘。
[20] 元龙：就是元阳。道教对“得道”的别称。后文第十一回则指皇帝。
[21] 妆个（qiā）虎：做出一种吓人怪样子。
[22] 蓬瀛：蓬莱山和瀛洲，神话传说中的仙境。
[23] 《黄庭》：道教的“经典”，有《黄庭内景经》和《黄庭外景经》等六种。
[24] 箨（tuò）：竹笋生长过程中脱落的笋皮。
[25] 爽：字的简写，就是草鞋上的绞绳。
[26] 起手：出家人的敬礼。
[27] 不当人：这和后文的“不当人子”，都作“罪过”解释。是用于对尊长不敬或亵渎“神圣”时的谴责语。
[28] 灵台、方寸：都是“心”的别称。下文的“斜月三星”，是心字的形状：斜月像心字的一勾，三星像心字的三点。本书不少人名、地名，都有这种隐喻，以后与故事不甚相干的，不予注释。
[29] 须菩提：佛的十大弟子之一。这里是糅合佛、道的一个人物。第二回“悟彻菩提”，菩提是觉悟的意思。
[30] 九皋霄汉：九皋，水泽深远。霄，九霄，天空极高处；汉，即银河。
[31] 髽（zhuā）髻（jì）：就是抓髻。一般是妇女的发形，道士也沿用来挽结他们的长发。
[32] 三三行：当指佛教的“三三昧”修行。佛教称空三昧、无相三昧、无愿三昧为三三昧，又被称为“三解脱门”。
CHAPTER 1. The divine root conceives, its source revealed; Mind and nature nurtured, the Great Dao is born.
The poem says:
Ere Chaos’s divide, with Heav’n and Earth a mess,
No human appeared in this murkiness.
When Pan Gu broke the nebula apart,1
The dense and pure defined, did clearing start.
Enfold all life supreme humaneness would
And teach all things how become good they should.
To know cyclic time’s work, if that’s your quest,
Read Tale of Woes Dispelled on Journey West.2
We heard that, in the order of Heaven and Earth, a single period consisted of 129,600 years. Dividing this period into twelve epochs were the twelve stems of Zi, Chou, Yin, Mao, Chen, Si, Wu, Wei, Shen, Yu, Xu, and Hai, with each epoch having 10,800 years. Considered as the horary circle, the sequence would be thus: the first sign of dawn appears in the hour of Zi, while at Chou the cock crows; daybreak occurs at Yin, and the sun rises at Mao; Chen comes after breakfast, and by Si everything is planned; at Wu the sun arrives at its meridian, and it declines westward by Wei; the evening meal comes during the hour of Shen, and the sun sinks completely at Yu; twilight sets in at Xu, and people rest by the hour of Hai. This sequence may also be understood macrocosmically. At the end of the epoch of Xu, Heaven and Earth were obscure and all things were indistinct. With the passing of 5,400 years, the beginning of Hai was the epoch of darkness. This moment was named Chaos, because there were neither human beings nor the two spheres. After another 5,400 years Hai ended, and as the creative force began to work after great perseverance, the epoch of Zi drew near and again brought gradual development. Shao Kangjie3 said:
When to the middle of Zi winter moved,
No change by Heaven’s mind had been approved.
The male principle had but barely stirred,
But the birth of all things was still deferred.
At this point, the firmament first acquired its foundation. With another 5,400 years came the Zi epoch; the ethereal and the light rose up to form the four phenomena of the sun, the moon, the stars, and the Heavenly bodies. Hence it is said, the Heaven was created at Zi. This epoch came to its end in another 5,400 years, and the sky began to harden as the Chou epoch approached. The Classic of Change said:
Great was the male principle;
Supreme, the female!
They made all things,
In obedience to Heaven.
At this point, the Earth became solidified. In another 5,400 years after the arrival of the Chou epoch, the heavy and the turbid condensed below and formed the five elements of water, fire, mountain, stone, and earth. Hence it is said, the Earth was created at Chou. With the passing of another 5,400 years, the Chou epoch came to its end and all things began to grow at the beginning of the Yin epoch. The Book of Calendar said:
The Heavenly aura descended;
The earthly aura rose up.
Heaven and Earth copulated,
And all things were born.
At this point, Heaven and Earth were bright and fair; the yin had intercourse with the yang. In another 5,400 years, during the Yin epoch, humans, beasts, and fowls came into being, and thus the so-called three forces of Heaven, Earth, and Man were established. Hence it is said, man was born at Yin.
Following Pan Gu’s construction of the universe, the rule of the Three August Ones, and the ordering of the relations by the Five Thearchs,4 the world was divided into four great continents. They were: the East Pūrvavideha Continent, the West Aparagodānīya Continent, the South Jambūdvīpa Continent, and the North Uttarakuru Continent. This book is solely concerned with the East Pūrvavideha Continent.5
Beyond the ocean there was a country named Aolai. It was near a great ocean, in the midst of which was located the famous Flower-Fruit Mountain. This mountain, which constituted the chief range of the Ten Islets and formed the origin of the Three Islands,6 came into being after the creation of the world. As a testimonial to its magnificence, there is the following poetic rhapsody:
Its majesty commands the wide ocean;
Its splendor rules the jasper sea;
Its majesty commands the wide ocean
When, like silver mountains, the tide sweeps fishes into caves;
Its splendor rules the jasper sea
When snowlike billows send forth serpents from the deep.
On the southwest side pile up tall plateaus;
From the Eastern Sea arise soaring peaks.
There are crimson ridges and portentous rocks,
Precipitous cliffs and prodigious peaks.
Atop the crimson ridges
Phoenixes sing in pairs:
Before precipitous cliffs
The unicorn singly rests.
At the summit is heard the cry of golden pheasants;
In and out of stony caves are seen the strides of dragons:
In the forest are long-lived deer and immortal foxes.
On the trees are divine fowls and black cranes.
Strange grass and flowers never wither:
Green pines and cypresses always keep their spring.
Immortal peaches are ever fruit-bearing;
Lofty bamboos often detain the clouds.
Within a single gorge the creeping vines are dense;
The grass color of meadows all around is fresh.
This is indeed the pillar of Heaven, where a hundred rivers meet—
The Earth’s great axis, in ten thousand kalpas unchanged.
There was on top of that very mountain an immortal stone, which measured thirty-six feet and five inches in height and twenty-four feet in circumference. The height of thirty-six feet and five inches corresponded to the three hundred and sixty-five cyclical degrees, while the circumference of twenty-four feet corresponded to the twenty-four solar terms of the calendar.7 On the stone were also nine perforations and eight holes, which corresponded to the Palaces of the Nine Constellations and the Eight Trigrams. Though it lacked the shade of trees on all sides, it was set off by epidendrums on the left and right. Since the creation of the world, it had been nourished for a long period by the seeds of Heaven and Earth and by the essences of the sun and the moon, until, quickened by divine inspiration, it became pregnant with a divine embryo. One day, it split open, giving birth to a stone egg about the size of a playing ball. Exposed to the wind, it was transformed into a stone monkey endowed with fully developed features and limbs. Having learned at once to climb and run, this monkey also bowed to the four quarters, while two beams of golden light flashed from his eyes to reach even the Palace of the Polestar. The light disturbed the Great Benevolent Sage of Heaven, the Celestial Jade Emperor of the Most Venerable Deva, who, attended by his divine ministers, was sitting in the Cloud Palace of the Golden Arches, in the Treasure Hall of the Divine Mists. Upon seeing the glimmer of the golden beams, he ordered Thousand-Mile Eye and Fair-Wind Ear to open the South Heaven Gate and to look out. At this command the two captains went out to the gate, and, having looked intently and listened clearly, they returned presently to report, “Your subjects, obeying your command to locate the beams, discovered that they came from the Flower-Fruit Mountain at the border of the small Aolai Country, which lies to the east of the East Pūrvavideha Continent. On this mountain is an immortal stone that has given birth to an egg. Exposed to the wind, it has been transformed into a monkey, who, when bowing to the four quarters, has flashed from his eyes those golden beams that reached the Palace of the Polestar. Now that he is taking some food and drink, the light is about to grow dim.” With compassionate mercy the Jade Emperor declared, “These creatures from the world below are born of the essences of Heaven and Earth, and they need not surprise us.”
That monkey in the mountain was able to walk, run, and leap about; he fed on grass and shrubs, drank from the brooks and streams, gathered mountain flowers, and searched out fruits from trees. He made his companions the tiger and the lizard, the wolf and the leopard; he befriended the civet and the deer, and he called the gibbon and the baboon his kin. At night he slept beneath stony ridges, and in the morning he sauntered about the caves and the peaks. Truly,
In the mountain there is no passing of time;
The cold recedes, but one knows not the year.8
One very hot morning, he was playing with a group of monkeys under the shade of some pine trees to escape the heat. Look at them, each amusing himself in his own way by
Swinging from branches to branches,
Searching for flowers and fruits;
They played two games or three
With pebbles and with pellets;
They circled sandy pits;
They built rare pagodas;
They chased the dragonflies;
They ran down small lizards;
Bowing low to the sky,
They worshiped Bodhisattvas;
They pulled the creeping vines;
They plaited mats with grass;
They searched to catch the louse
That they bit or sqeezed to death;
They dressed their furry coats;
They scraped their fingernails;
Those leaning leaned;
Those rubbing rubbed;
Those pushing pushed;
Those pressing pressed;
Those pulling pulled;
Those tugging tugged.
Beneath the pine forest and free to play,
They washed themselves in the green-water stream.
So, after the monkeys had frolicked for a while, they went to bathe in the mountain stream and saw that its currents bounced and splashed like tumbling melons. As the old saying goes,
Fowls have their fowl speech,
And beasts have their beast language.
The monkeys said to each other, “We don’t know where this water comes from. Since we have nothing to do today, let us follow the stream up to its source to have some fun.” With a shriek of joy, they dragged along males and females, calling out to brothers and sisters, and scrambled up the mountain alongside the stream. Reaching its source, they found a great waterfall. What they saw was
A column of white rainbows rising,
A thousand yards of snow-caps flying.
The sea wind blows but cannot sever
What a river moon lights up forever.
Its cold breath divides the green glades;
Its branches wet the verdant shades.
This torrent named a waterfall
Seems like a curtain hanging tall.
All the monkeys clapped their hands in acclaim: “Marvelous water! Marvelous water! So this waterfall is distantly connected with the stream at the base of the mountain, and flows directly out, even to the great ocean.” They said also, “If any of us had the ability to penetrate the curtain and find out where the water comes from without hurting himself, we would honor him as king.” They gave the call three times, when suddenly the stone monkey leaped out from the crowd. He answered the challenge with a loud voice, “I’ll go in! I’ll go in!” What a monkey! For
Today his fame will spread wide.
His fortune the time does provide.
He’s fated to live in this place,
Sent by a king to god’s palace.
Look at him! He closed his eyes, crouched low, and with one leap he jumped straight through the waterfall. Opening his eyes at once and raising his head to look around, he saw that there was neither water nor waves inside, only a gleaming, shining bridge. He paused to collect himself and looked more carefully again: it was a bridge made of sheet iron. The water beneath it surged through a hole in the rock to reach the outside, filling in all the space under the arch. With bent body he climbed on the bridge, looking about as he walked, and discovered a beautiful place that seemed to be some kind of residence. Then he saw
Fresh mosses piling up indigo,
White clouds like jade afloat,
And luminous sheens of mist and smoke;
Empty windows, quiet rooms,
And carved flowers growing smoothly on benches;
Stalactites suspended in milky caves;
Rare blossoms voluminous over the ground.
Pans and stoves near the wall show traces of fire;
Bottles and cups on the table contain left overs.
The stone seats and beds were truly lovable;
The stone pots and bowls were more praiseworthy.
There were, furthermore, a stalk or two of tall bamboos,
And three or five sprigs of plum flowers.
With a few green pines always draped in rain,
This whole place indeed resembled a home.
After staring at the place for a long time, he jumped across the middle of the bridge and looked left and right. There in the middle was a stone tablet on which was inscribed in regular, large letters:
The Blessed Land of Flower-Fruit Mountain,
The Cave Heaven of Water-Curtain Cave.9
Beside himself with delight, the stone monkey quickly turned around to go back out and, closing his eyes and crouching again, leaped out of the water. “A great stroke of luck,” he exclaimed with two loud guffaws, “a great stroke of luck!”
The other monkeys surrounded him and asked, “How is it inside? How deep is the water?” The stone monkey replied, “There isn’t any water at all. There’s a sheet iron bridge, and beyond it is a piece of Heaven-sent property.”
“What do you mean that there’s property in there?” asked the monkeys.
Laughing, the stone monkey said, “This water splashes through a hole in the rock and fills the space under the bridge. Beside the bridge there is a stone mansion with trees and flowers. Inside are stone ovens and stoves, stone pots and pans, stone beds and benches. A stone tablet in the middle has the inscription,
The Blessed Land of the Flower-Fruit Mountain,
The Cave Heaven of the Water-Curtain Cave.
This is truly the place for us to settle in. It is, moreover, very spacious inside and can hold thousands of the young and old. Let’s all go live in there, and spare ourselves from being subject to the whims of Heaven. For we have in there
A retreat from the wind,
A shelter from the rain.
You fear no frost or snow;
You hear no thunderclap.
Mist and smoke are brightened,
Warmed by a holy light—
The pines are evergreen:
Rare flowers, daily new.”
When the monkeys heard that, they were delighted, saying, “You go in first and lead the way.” The stone monkey closed his eyes again, crouched low, and jumped inside. “All of you,” he cried, “Follow me in! Follow me in!” The braver of the monkeys leaped in at once, but the more timid ones stuck out their heads and then drew them back, scratched their ears, rubbed their jaws, and chattered noisily. After milling around for some time, they too bounded inside. Jumping across the bridge, they were all soon snatching dishes, clutching bowls, or fighting for stoves and beds—shoving and pushing things hither and thither. Befitting their stubbornly prankish nature, the monkeys could not keep still for a moment and stopped only when they were utterly exhausted.
The stone monkey then solemnly took a seat above and spoke to them: “Gentlemen! ‘If a man lacks trustworthiness, it is difficult to know what he can accomplish!’10 You yourselves promised just now that whoever could get in here and leave again without hurting himself would be honored as king. Now that I have come in and gone out, gone out and come in, and have found for all of you this Heavenly grotto in which you may reside securely and enjoy the privilege of raising a family, why don’t you honor me as your king?” When the monkeys heard this, they all folded their hands on their breasts and obediently prostrated themselves. Each one of them then lined up according to rank and age, and, bowing reverently, they intoned, “Long live our great king!” From that moment, the stone monkey ascended the throne of kingship. He did away with the word “stone” in his name and assumed the title, Handsome Monkey King. There is a testimonial poem that says:
Triple spring mated to beget all things.
A divine stone quickened by the sun and moon
Changed from egg to ape to reach the Great Way.
Loanname and surname11 matched elixir made.
Formless inside he yields no image known;
His outward guise coheres in action shown.
In every age all persons will yield to him:
Hailed a king, a sage, he is free to roam.
The Handsome Monkey King thus led a flock of gibbons and baboons, some of whom were appointed by him as his officers and ministers. They toured the Flower-Fruit Mountain in the morning, and they lived in the Water-Curtain Cave by night. Living in concord and sympathy, they did not mingle with bird or beast but enjoyed their independence in perfect happiness. For such were their activities:
In the spring they gathered flowers for food and drink.
In the summer they went in quest of fruits for sustenance.
In the autumn they amassed taros and chestnuts to ward off time.
In the winter they searched for yellow-sperms12 to live out the year.
The Handsome Monkey King had enjoyed this insouciant existence for three or four hundred years when one day, while feasting with the rest of the monkeys, he suddenly grew sad and shed a few tears. Alarmed, the monkeys surrounding him bowed down and asked, “What is disturbing the Great King?” The Monkey King replied, “Though I am very happy at the moment, I am a little concerned about the future. Hence I’m distressed.” The monkeys all laughed and said, “The Great King indeed does not know contentment! Here we daily have a banquet on an immortal mountain in a blessed land, in an ancient cave on a divine continent. We are not subject to the unicorn or the phoenix, nor are we governed by the rulers of mankind. Such independence and comfort are immeasurable blessings. Why, then, does he worry about the future?” The Monkey King said, “Though we are not subject to the laws of man today, nor need we be threatened by the rule of any bird or beast, old age and physical decay in the future will disclose the secret sovereignty of Yama, King of the Underworld. If we die, shall we not have lived in vain, not being able to rank forever among the Heavenly beings?”
When the monkeys heard this, they all covered their faces and wept mournfully, each one troubled by his own impermanence. But look! From among the ranks a bareback monkey suddenly leaped forth and cried aloud, “If the Great King is so farsighted, it may well indicate the sprouting of his religious inclination. There are, among the five major divisions of all living creatures,13 only three species that are not subject to Yama, King of the Underworld.” The Monkey King said, “Do you know who they are?” The monkey said, “They are the Buddhas, the immortals, and the holy sages; these three alone can avoid the Wheel of Transmigration as well as the process of birth and destruction, and live as long as Heaven and Earth, the mountains and the streams.” “Where do they live?” asked the Monkey King. The monkey said, “They do not live beyond the world of the Jambūdvīpa, for they dwell within ancient caves on immortal mountains.” When the Monkey King heard this, he was filled with delight, saying, “Tomorrow I shall take leave of you all and go down the mountain. Even if I have to wander with the clouds to the corners of the sea or journey to the distant edges of Heaven, I intend to find these three kinds of people. I will learn from them how to be young forever and escape the calamity inflicted by King Yama.”
Lo, this utterance at once led him
To leap free of the Transmigration Net,
And be the Great Sage, Equal to Heaven.
All the monkeys clapped their hands in acclamation, saying, “Wonderful! Wonderful! Tomorrow we shall scour the mountain ranges to gather plenty of fruits, so that we may send the Great King off with a great banquet.”
Next day the monkeys duly went to gather immortal peaches, to pick rare fruits, to dig out mountain herbs, and to chop yellow-sperms. They brought in an orderly manner every variety of orchids and epidendrums, exotic plants and strange flowers. They set out the stone chairs and stone tables, covering the tables with immortal wines and food. Look at the
Golden balls and pearly pellets,
Red ripeness and yellow plumpness.
Golden balls and pearly pellets are the cherries,
Their colors truly luscious.
Red ripeness and yellow plumpness are the plums,
Their taste—a fragrant tartness.
Fresh lungans
Of sweet pulps and thin skins.
Fiery lychees
Of small pits and red sacks.
Green fruits of the Pyrus are presented by the branches.
The loquats yellow with buds are held with their leaves.
Pears like rabbit heads and dates like chicken hearts
Dispel your thirst, your sorrow, and the effects of wine.
Fragrant peaches and soft almonds
Are sweet as the elixir of life:
Crisply fresh plums and strawberries
Are sour like cheese and buttermilk.
Red pulps and black seeds compose the ripe watermelons.
Four cloves of yellow rind enfold the big persimmons.
When the pomegranates are split wide,
Cinnabar grains glisten like specks of ruby:
When the chestnuts are cracked open,
Their tough brawns are hard like cornelian.
Walnut and silver almonds fare well with tea.
Coconuts and grapes may be pressed into wine.
Hazelnuts, yews, and crabapples overfill the dishes.
Kumquats, sugarcanes, tangerines, and oranges crowd the tables.
Sweet yams are baked,
Yellow-sperms overboiled,
The tubers minced with seeds of waterlily,
And soup in stone pots simmers on a gentle fire.
Mankind may boast its delicious dainties,
But what can best the pleasure of mountain monkeys.
The monkeys honored the Monkey King with the seat at the head of the table, while they sat below according to their age and rank. They drank for a whole day, each of the monkeys taking a turn to go forward and present the Monkey King with wine, flowers, and fruits. The next day the Monkey King rose early and gave the instruction, “Little ones, cut me some pinewood and make me a raft. Then find me a bamboo for the pole, and gather some fruits and the like. I’m about to leave.” When all was ready, he got onto the raft by himself. Pushing off with all his might, he drifted out toward the great ocean and, taking advantage of the wind, set sail for the border of South Jambūdvīpa Continent. Here is the consequence of this journey:
The Heaven-born monkey, strong in magic might,
He left the mount and rode the raft to catch fair wind:
He drifted across the sea to seek immortals’ way,
Determined in heart and mind to achieve great things.
It’s his lot, his portion, to quit earthly zeals:
Calm and carefree, he’ll face a lofty sage.
He’d meet, I think, a true, discerning friend:
The source disclosed, all dharma will be known.
It was indeed his fortune that, after he boarded the wooden raft, a strong southeast wind (which lasted for days) sent him to the northwestern coast, the border of the South Jambūdvīpa Continent. He took the pole to test the water, and, finding it shallow one day, he abandoned the raft and jumped ashore. On the beach there were people fishing, hunting wild geese, digging clams, and draining salt. He approached them and, making a weird face and some strange antics, he scared them into dropping their baskets and nets and scattering in all directions. One of them could not run and was caught by the Monkey King, who stripped him of his clothes and put them on himself, aping the way humans wore them. With a swagger he walked through counties and prefectures, imitating human speech and human manners in the marketplaces. He rested by night and dined in the morning, but he was bent on finding the way of the Buddhas, immortals, and holy sages, on discovering the formula for eternal youth. He saw, however, that the people of the world were all seekers after profit and fame; there was not one who showed concern for his appointed end. This is their condition:
When will end this quest for fortune and fame,
This tyrant of early rising and retiring late?
Riding on mules they long for noble steeds;
By now prime ministers, they hope to be kings.
For food and raiment they suffer stress and strain,
Never fearing Yama’s call to reckoning.
Seeking wealth and power to give to sons of sons,
There’s not one ever willing to turn back.
The Monkey King searched diligently for the way of immortality, but he had no chance of meeting it. Going through big cities and visiting small towns, he unwittingly spent eight or nine years on the South Jambūdvīpa Continent before he suddenly came upon the Great Western Ocean. He thought that there would certainly be immortals living beyond the ocean; so, having built himself a raft like the previous one, he once again drifted across the Western Ocean until he reached the West Aparagodānīya Continent. After landing, he searched for a long time, when all at once he came upon a tall and beautiful mountain with thick forests at its base. Since he was afraid neither of wolves and lizards nor of tigers and leopards, he went straight to the top to look around. It was indeed a magnificent mountain:
A thousand peaks stand like rows of spears,
Like ten thousand cubits of screen widespread.
The sun’s beams lightly enclose the azure mist;
In darkening rain, the mount’s color turns cool and green.
Dry creepers entwine old trees;
Ancient fords edge secluded paths.
Rare flowers and luxuriant grass.
Tall bamboos and lofty pines.
Tall bamboos and lofty pines
For ten thousand years grow green in this blessed land.
Rare flowers and luxuriant grass
In all seasons bloom as in the Isles of the Blest.
The calls of birds hidden are near.
The sounds of streams rushing are clear.
Deep inside deep canyons the orchids interweave.
On every ridge and crag sprout lichens and mosses.
Rising and falling, the ranges show a fine dragon’s pulse.14
Here in reclusion must an eminent man reside.
As he was looking about, he suddenly heard the sound of a man speaking deep within the woods. Hurriedly he dashed into the forest and cocked his ear to listen. It was someone singing, and the song went thus:
I watch chess games, my ax handle’s rotted.15
I chop at wood, zheng zheng the sound.
I walk slowly by the cloud’s fringe at the valley’s entrance.
Selling my firewood to buy some wine,
I am happy and laugh without restraint.
When the path is frosted in autumn’s height,
I face the moon, my pillow the pine root.
Sleeping till dawn
I find my familiar woods.
I climb the plateaus and scale the peaks
To cut dry creepers with my ax.
When I gather enough to make a load,
I stroll singing through the marketplace
And trade it for three pints of rice,
With nary the slightest bickering
Over a price so modest.
Plots and schemes I do not know;
Without vainglory or attaint
My life’s prolonged in simplicity.
Those I meet,
If not immortals, would be Daoists,
Seated quietly to expound the Yellow Court.
When the Handsome Monkey King heard this, he was filled with delight, saying, “So the immortals are hiding in this place.” He leaped at once into the forest. Looking again carefully, he found a woodcutter chopping firewood with his ax. The man he saw was very strangely attired.
On his head he wore a wide splint hat
Of seed-leaves freshly cast from new bamboos.
On his body he wore a cloth garment
Of gauze woven from the native cotton.
Around his waist he tied a winding sash
Of silk spun from an old silkworm.
On his feet he had a pair of straw sandals,
With laces rolled from withered sedge.
In his hands he held a fine steel ax;
A sturdy rope coiled round and round his load.
In breaking pines or chopping trees
Where’s the man to equal him?
The Monkey King drew near and called out: “Reverend immortal! Your disciple raises his hands.” The woodcutter was so flustered that he dropped his ax as he turned to return the salutation. “Blasphemy! Blasphemy!” he said. “I, a foolish fellow with hardly enough clothes or food! How can I bear the title of immortal?” The Monkey King said, “If you are not an immortal, how is it that you speak his language?” The woodcutter asked, “What did I say that sounded like the language of an immortal?” The Monkey King explained, “When I came just now to the forest’s edge, I heard you singing, ‘Those I meet, if not immortals, would be Daoists, seated quietly to expound the Yellow Court.’ The Yellow Court contains the perfected words of the Way and Virtue. What can you be but an immortal?”
Laughing, the woodcutter said, “I can tell you this much: the tune of that lyric is named ‘A Court Full of Blossoms,’ and it was taught to me by an immortal, a neighbor of mine. He saw that I had to struggle to make a living and that my days were full of worries, so he told me to recite the poem whenever I was troubled. This, he said, would both comfort me and rid me of my difficulties. It happened that I was anxious about something just now, so I sang the song. It didn’t occur to me that I would be overheard.”
The Monkey King said, “If you are a neighbor of the immortal, why don’t you follow him in the cultivation of the Way? Wouldn’t it be nice to learn from him the formula for eternal youth?” The woodcutter replied, “My lot has been a hard one all my life. When I was young, I was indebted to my parents’ nurture until I was eight or nine. As soon as I began to have some understanding of human affairs, my father unfortunately died, and my mother remained a widow. I had no brothers or sisters, so there was no alternative but for me alone to support and care for my mother. Now that my mother is growing old, all the more I dare not leave her. Moreover, my fields are rather barren and desolate, and we haven’t enough food or clothing. I can’t do more than chop two bundles of firewood to take to the market in exchange for a few pennies to buy a few pints of rice. I cook that myself, serving it to my mother with the tea that I make. That’s why I can’t practice austerities.”
The Monkey King said, “According to what you have said, you are indeed a gentleman of filial piety, and you will certainly be rewarded in the future. I hope, however, that you will show me the way to the immortal’s abode, so that I may reverently call upon him.” “It’s not far,” the woodcutter said. “This mountain is called the Mountain of Mind and Heart, and in it is the Cave of Slanting Moon and Three Stars. Inside the cave is an immortal by the name of the Patriarch Subodhi, who has already sent out innumerable disciples. Even now there are thirty or forty persons who are practicing austerities with him. Follow this narrow path and travel south for about seven or eight miles, and you will come to his home.” Grabbing the woodcutter, the Monkey King said, “Honored brother, go with me. If I receive any benefit, I will not forget the favor of your guidance.” “What a boneheaded fellow you are!” the woodcutter said. “I have just finished telling you these things, and you still don’t understand. If I go with you, won’t I be neglecting my livelihood? And who will take care of my mother? I must chop my firewood. You go on by yourself!”
When the Monkey King heard this, he had to take his leave. Emerging from the deep forest, he found the path and went past the slope of a hill. After he had traveled seven or eight miles, a cave dwelling indeed came into sight. He stood up straight to take a better look at this splendid place, and this was what he saw:
Mist and smoke in diffusive brilliance,
Flashing lights from the sun and moon,
A thousand stalks of old cypress,
Ten thousand stems of tall bamboo.
A thousand stalks of old cypress
Draped in rain half fill the air with tender green;
Ten thousand stems of tall bamboo
Held in smoke will paint the glen chartreuse.
Strange flowers spread brocades before the door.
Jadelike grass emits fragrance beside the bridge.
On ridges protruding grow moist green lichens;
On hanging cliffs cling the long blue mosses.
The cries of immortal cranes are often heard.
Once in a while a phoenix soars overhead.
When the cranes cry,
Their sounds reach through the marsh to the distant sky.
When the phoenix soars up,
Its plume with five bright colors embroiders the clouds.
Black apes and white deer may come or hide;
Gold lions and jade elephants may leave or bide.
Look with care at this blessed, holy place:
It has the true semblance of Paradise.
He noticed that the door of the cave was tightly shut; all was quiet, and there was no sign of any human inhabitant. He turned around and suddenly perceived, at the top of the cliff, a stone slab approximately eight feet wide and over thirty feet tall. On it was written in large letters:
The Mountain of Mind and Heart;
The Cave of Slanting Moon and Three Stars.
Immensely pleased, the Handsome Monkey King exclaimed, “People here are truly honest. This mountain and this cave really do exist!” He stared at the place for a long time but dared not knock. Instead, he jumped onto the branch of a pine tree, picked a few pine seeds and ate them, and began to play.
After a moment he heard the door of the cave open with a squeak, and an immortal youth walked out. His bearing was exceedingly graceful; his features were highly refined. This was certainly no ordinary young mortal, for he had
His hair bound with two cords of silk,
A wide robe with two sleeves of wind.
His body and face seemed most distinct,
For visage and mind were both detached.
Long a stranger to all worldly things
He was the mountain’s ageless boy.
Untainted even with a speck of dust,
He feared no havoc by the seasons wrought.
After coming through the door, the boy shouted, “Who is causing disturbance here?” With a bound the Monkey King leaped down from the tree, and went up to him bowing. “Immortal boy,” he said, “I am a seeker of the way of immortality. I would never dare cause any disturbance.” With a chuckle, the immortal youth asked, “Are you a seeker of the Way?” “I am indeed,” answered the Monkey King. “My master at the house,” the boy said, “has just left his couch to give a lecture on the platform. Before even announcing his theme, however, he told me to go out and open the door, saying, ‘There is someone outside who wants to practice austerities. You may go and receive him.’ It must be you, I suppose.” The Monkey King said, smiling, “It is I, most assuredly!” “Follow me in then,” said the boy. With solemnity the Monkey King set his clothes in order and followed the boy into the depths of the cave. They passed rows and rows of lofty towers and huge alcoves, of pearly chambers and carved arches. After walking through innumerable quiet chambers and empty studios, they finally reached the base of the green jade platform. Patriarch Subodhi was seen seated solemnly on the platform, with thirty lesser immortals standing below in rows. He was truly
An immortal of great ken and purest mien,
Master Subodhi, whose wondrous form of the West
Had no end or birth by work of the Double Three.16
His whole spirit and breath were with mercy filled.
Empty, spontaneous, it could change at will,
His Buddha-nature able to do all things.
The same age as Heaven had his majestic frame.
Fully tried and enlightened was this grand priest.
As soon as the Handsome Monkey King saw him, he prostrated himself and kowtowed times without number, saying, “Master! Master! I, your pupil, pay you my sincere homage.” The Patriarch said, “Where do you come from? Let’s hear you state clearly your name and country before you kowtow again.” The Monkey King said, “Your pupil came from the Water-Curtain Cave of the Flower-Fruit Mountain, in the Aolai Country of the East Pūrvavideha Continent.”
“Chase him out of here!” the Patriarch shouted. “He is nothing but a liar and a fabricator of falsehood. How can he possibly be interested in attaining enlightenment?” The Monkey King hastened to kowtow unceasingly and to say, “Your pupil’s word is an honest one, without any deceit.” The Patriarch said, “If you are telling the truth, how is it that you mention the East Pūrvavideha Continent? Separating that place and mine are two great oceans and the entire region of the South Jambūdvīpa Continent. How could you possibly get here?” Again kowtowing, the Monkey King said, “Your pupil drifted across the oceans and trudged through many regions for more than ten years before finding this place.” The Patriarch said, “If you have come on a long journey in many stages, I’ll let that pass. What is your surname (xing)?”17 The Monkey King again replied, “I have no temper (xing). If a man rebukes me, I am not offended; if he hits me, I am not angered. In fact, I simply repay him with a ceremonial greeting and that’s all. My whole life’s without ill temper.” “I’m not speaking of your temper,” the Patriarch said. “I’m asking after the name of your parents.” “I have no parents either,” said the Monkey King. The Patriarch said, “If you have no parents, you must have been born from a tree.” “Not from a tree,” said the Monkey King, “but from a rock. I recall that there used to be an immortal stone on the Flower-Fruit Mountain. I was born the year the stone split open.”
When the Patriarch heard this, he was secretly pleased, and said, “Well, evidently you have been created by Heaven and Earth. Get up and show me how you walk.” Snapping erect, the Monkey King scurried around a couple of times. The Patriarch laughed and said, “Though your features are not the most attractive, you do resemble a pignolia-eating monkey (husun). This gives me the idea of taking a surname for you from your appearance. I intended to call you by the name Hu. If I drop the animal radical from this word, what’s left is a compound made up of the two characters, gu and yue. Gu means aged and yue means female, but an aged female cannot reproduce. Therefore, it is better to give you the surname of Sun. If I drop the animal radical from this word, what we have left is the compound of zi and xi. Zi means a boy and xi means a baby, and that name exactly accords with the fundamental Doctrine of the Baby Boy. So your surname will be ‘Sun.’”
When the Monkey King heard this, he was filled with delight. “Splendid! Splendid!” he cried, kowtowing, “At last I know my surname. May the master be even more gracious! Since I have received the surname, let me be given also a personal name, so that it may facilitate your calling and commanding me.” The Patriarch said, “Within my tradition are twelve characters that have been used to name the pupils according to their divisions. You are one who belongs to the tenth generation.” “Which twelve characters are they?” asked the Monkey King. The Patriarch replied, “They are: wide (guang), great (da), wise (zhi), intelligence (hui), true (zhen), conforming (ru), nature (xing), sea (hai), sharp (ying), wake- to (wu), complete (yuan), and awakening (jue). Your rank falls precisely on the word ‘wake-to’ (wu). You will hence be given the religious name ‘Wake-to-the-Void’ (wukong). All right?” “Splendid! Splendid!” said the Monkey King, laughing. “Henceforth I shall be called Sun Wukong.” So it was that,
At nebula’s parting he had no name.
Smashing stubborn void needs Wake-to-the-Void.
We do not know what fruit of Daoist cultivation he succeeded in attaining afterward; let’s listen to the explanation in the next chapter.