第一百五回
第一百五回 武侯预伏锦囊计 魏主拆取承露盘
却说杨仪闻报前路有兵拦截，忙令人哨探。回报说魏延烧绝栈道，引兵拦路。仪大惊曰：“丞相在日，料此人久后必反，谁想今日果然如此！今断吾归路，当复如何？”费祎曰：“此人必先捏奏天子，诬吾等造反，故烧绝栈道，阻遏归路。吾等亦当表奏天子，陈魏延反情，然后图之。”姜维曰：“此间有一小径，名槎山，虽崎岖险峻，可以抄出栈道之后。”一面写表奏闻天子，一面将人马望槎山小道进发。
且说后主在成都，寝食不安，动止不宁，夜作一梦，梦见成都锦屏山崩倒，遂惊觉，坐而待旦，聚集文武入朝圆梦。谯周曰：“臣昨夜仰观天文，见一星赤色，光芒有角，自东北落于西南，主丞相有大凶之事。今陛下梦山崩，正应此兆。”后主愈加惊怖。忽报李福到，后主急召入问之。福顿首泣奏丞相已亡，将丞相临终言语，细述一遍。后主闻言大哭曰：“天丧我也！”哭倒于龙床之上。侍臣扶入后宫。吴太后闻之，亦放声大哭不已。多官无不哀恸，百姓人人涕泣。后主连日伤感，不能设朝。忽报魏延表奏杨仪造反，群臣大骇，入宫启奏后主，时吴太后亦在宫中。后主闻奏大惊，命近臣读魏延表，其略曰：
征西大将军、南郑侯臣魏延，诚惶诚恐，顿首上言：杨仪自总兵权，率众造反，劫丞相灵柩，欲引敌人入境。臣先烧绝栈道，以兵守御。谨此奏闻。
读毕，后主曰：“魏延乃勇将，足可拒杨仪等众，何故烧绝栈道？”吴太后曰：“尝闻先帝有言：孔明识魏延脑后有反骨，每欲斩之，因怜其勇，故姑留用。今彼奏杨仪等造反，未可轻信。杨仪乃文人，丞相委以长史之任，必其人可用。今日若听此一面之词，杨仪等必投魏矣。此事当深虑远议，不可造次。”众官正商议间，忽报长史杨仪有紧急表到。近臣拆表读曰：
长史、绥军将军臣杨仪，诚惶诚恐，顿首谨表：丞相临终，将大事委于臣，照依旧制，不敢变更，使魏延断后，姜维次之。今魏延不遵丞相遗语，自提本部人马，先入汉中，放火烧断栈道，劫丞相灵车，谋为不轨[1]。变起仓卒，谨飞章奏闻。
太后听毕，问：“卿等所见若何？”蒋琬奏曰：“以臣愚见：杨仪为人虽禀性过急，不能容物，至于筹度粮草，参赞军机，与丞相办事多时，今丞相临终，委以大事，决非背反之人。魏延平日恃功务高，人皆下之[2]，仪独不假借，延心怀恨。今见仪总兵，心中不服，故烧栈道，断其归路，又诬奏而图陷害。臣愿将全家良贱，保杨仪不反，实不敢保魏延。”董允亦奏曰：“魏延自恃功高，常有不平之心，口出怨言。向所以不即反者，惧丞相耳。今丞相新亡，乘机为乱，势所必然。若[3]杨仪，才干敏达，为丞相所任用，必不背反。”后主曰：“若魏延果反，当用何策御之？”蒋琬曰：“丞相素疑此人，必有遗计授与杨仪。若仪无恃，安能退入谷口乎？延必中计矣。陛下宽心。”不多时，魏延又表至，告称杨仪背反。正览表之间，杨仪又表到，奏称魏延背反。二人接连具表，各陈是非。忽报费祎到。后主召入，祎细奏魏延反情。后主曰：“若如此，且令董允假节释劝，用好言抚慰。”允奉诏而去。
却说魏延烧断栈道，屯兵南谷，把住隘口，自以为得计，不想杨仪、姜维星夜引兵抄到南谷之后。仪恐汉中有失，令先锋何平引三千兵先行。仪同姜维等引兵扶柩望汉中而来。
且说何平引兵径到南谷之后，擂鼓呐喊。哨马飞报魏延，说杨仪令先锋何平引兵自槎山小路抄来搦战。延大怒，急披挂上马，提刀引兵来迎。两阵对圆，何平出马大骂曰：“反贼魏延安在？”延亦骂曰：“汝助杨仪造反，何敢骂我！”平叱曰：“丞相新亡，骨肉未寒，汝焉敢造反！”乃扬鞭指川兵曰：“汝等军士，皆是西川之人，川中多有父母妻子、兄弟亲朋。丞相在日，不曾薄待汝等，今不可助反贼，宜各回家乡，听候赏赐。”众军闻言，大喊一声，散去大半。延大怒，挥刀纵马，直取何平，平挺枪来迎。战不数合，平诈败而走，延随后赶来。众军弓弩齐发，延拨马而回。见众军纷纷溃散，延转怒，拍马赶上，杀了数人，却只止遏不住，只有马岱所领三百人不动。延谓岱曰：“公真心助我，事成之后，决不相负。”遂与马岱追杀何平，平引兵飞奔而去。魏延收聚残军，与马岱商议曰：“我等投魏，若何？”岱曰：“将军之言，不智甚也。大丈夫何不自图霸业，乃轻屈膝于人耶？吾观将军智勇足备，两川之士，谁敢抵敌？吾誓同将军先取汉中，随后进攻西川。”
延大喜，遂同马岱引兵直取南郑。姜维在南郑城上，见魏延、马岱耀武扬威，蜂拥而来，维急令拽起吊桥。延、岱二人大叫：“早降！”姜维令人请杨仪商议曰：“魏延勇猛，更兼马岱相助，虽然军少，何计退之？”仪曰：“丞相临终，遗一锦囊，嘱曰：‘若魏延造反，临阵对敌之时，方可开拆，便有斩魏延之计。’今当取出一看。”遂出锦囊拆封看时，题曰：“待与魏延对敌，马上方许拆开。”维大喜曰：“既丞相有戒约，长史可收执。吾先引兵出城，列为阵势，公可便来。”姜维披挂上马，绰枪在手，引三千军，开了城门，一齐冲出，鼓声大震，排成阵势。维挺枪立马于门旗之下，高声大骂曰：“反贼魏延！丞相不曾亏你，今日如何背反？”延横刀勒马而言曰：“伯约，不干你事。只教杨仪来！”仪在门旗影里，拆开锦囊视之，如此如此。仪大喜，轻骑而出，立马阵前，手指魏延而笑曰：“丞相在日，知汝久后必反，教我提备，今果应其言。汝敢在马上连叫三声‘谁敢杀我’，便是真大丈夫，吾就献汉中城池与汝。”延大笑曰：“杨仪匹夫听着！若孔明在日，吾尚惧他三分，他今已亡，天下谁敢敌我？休道连叫三声，便叫三万声，亦有何难！”遂提刀按辔，于马上大叫曰：“谁敢杀我？”一声未毕，脑后一人厉声而应曰：“吾敢杀汝！”手起刀落，斩魏延于马下。众皆骇然。斩魏延者，乃马岱也。原来孔明临终之时，授马岱以密计，只待魏延喊叫时，便出其不意斩之。当日，杨仪读罢锦囊计策，已知伏下马岱在彼，故依计而行，果然杀了魏延。后人有诗曰：
诸葛先机识魏延，已知日后反西川。锦囊遗计人难料，却见成功在马前。
却说董允未及到南郑，马岱已斩了魏延，与姜维合兵一处。杨仪具表星夜奏闻后主。后主降旨曰：“既已名正其罪，仍念前功，赐棺椁葬之。”杨仪等扶孔明灵柩到成都，后主引文武官僚，尽皆挂孝，出城二十里迎接。后主放声大哭，上至公卿大夫，下及山林百姓，男女老幼，无不痛哭，哀声震地。后主命扶柩入城，停于丞相府中，其子诸葛瞻守孝居丧。
后主还朝，杨仪自缚请罪。后主令近臣去其缚曰：“若非卿能依丞相遗教，灵柩何日得归，魏延如何得灭。大事保全，皆卿之力也。”遂加杨仪为中军师。马岱有讨逆之功，即以魏延之爵爵之。仪呈上孔明遗表，后主览毕大哭，降旨卜地安葬。费祎奏曰：“丞相临终，命葬于定军山，不用墙垣砖石，亦不用一切祭物。”后主从之。择本年十月吉日，后主自送灵柩至定军山安葬。后主降诏致祭，谥号忠武侯；令建庙于沔阳，四时享祭。后杜工部有诗曰：
丞相祠堂何处寻，锦官城外柏森森。映阶碧草自春色，隔叶黄鹂空好音。三顾频烦天下计，两朝开济老臣心。出师未捷身先死，长使英雄泪满襟！
又杜工部诗曰：
诸葛大名垂宇宙，宗臣遗像肃清高。三分割据纡筹策，万古云霄一羽毛。伯仲之间见伊吕，指挥若定失萧曹。运移汉祚终难复，志决身歼军务劳。
却说后主回到成都，忽近臣奏曰：“边庭报来，东吴令全琮引兵数万，屯于巴丘界口，未知何意。”后主惊曰：“丞相新亡，东吴负盟侵界，如之奈何？”蒋琬奏曰：“臣敢保王平、张嶷引兵数万屯于永安，以防不测。陛下再命一人去东吴报丧，以探其动静。”后主曰：“须得一舌辩之士为使。”一人应声而出曰：“微臣愿往。”众视之，乃南阳安众人，姓宗，名预，字德艳，官任参军、右中郎将。后主大喜，即命宗预往东吴报丧，兼探虚实。
宗预领命，径到金陵，入见吴主孙权。礼毕，只见左右人皆着素衣，权作色而言曰：“吴、蜀已为一家，卿主何故而增白帝之守也？”预曰：“臣以为东益巴丘之戍，西增白帝之守，皆事势宜然，俱不足以相问也。”权笑曰：“卿不亚于邓芝。”乃谓宗预曰：“朕闻诸葛丞相归天，每日流涕，令官僚尽皆挂孝。朕恐魏人乘丧取蜀，故增巴丘守兵万人，以为救援，别无他意也。”预顿首拜谢。权曰：“朕既许以同盟，安有背义之理？”预曰：“天子因丞相新亡，特命臣来报丧。”权遂取金箭一枝折之，设誓曰：“朕若负前盟，子孙绝灭！”又命使赍香帛奠仪，入川致祭。
宗预拜辞吴主，同吴使还成都，入见后主，奏曰：“吴主因丞相新亡，亦自流涕，令群臣皆挂孝。其益兵巴丘者，恐魏人乘虚而入，别无异心。今折箭为誓，并不背盟。”后主大喜，重赏宗预，厚待吴使去讫。遂依孔明遗言，加蒋琬为丞相、大将军，录尚书事；加费祎为尚书令，同理丞相事；加吴懿为车骑将军，假节督汉中；姜维为辅汉将军、平襄侯，总督诸处人马，同吴懿出屯汉中，以防魏兵。其馀将校，各依旧职。
杨仪自以为年宦[4]先于蒋琬，而位出琬下，且自恃功高，未有重赏，口出怨言，谓费祎曰：“昔日丞相初亡，吾若将全师投魏，宁当寂寞如此耶！”费祎乃将此言具表密奏后主。后主大怒，命将杨仪下狱勘问，欲斩之。蒋琬奏曰：“仪虽有罪，但日前随丞相多立功劳，未可斩也，当废为庶人。”后主从之，遂贬杨仪赴汉嘉郡为民，仪羞惭自刎而死。
蜀汉建兴十三年，魏主曹睿青龙三年，吴主孙权嘉禾四年，三国各不兴兵。单说魏主封司马懿为太尉，总督军马，安镇诸边，懿拜谢回洛阳去讫。魏主在许昌，大兴土木，建盖宫殿；又于洛阳造朝阳殿、太极殿，筑总章观，俱高十丈；又立崇华殿、青霄阁、凤凰楼、九龙池，命博士马钧监造，极其华丽，雕梁画栋，碧瓦金砖，光辉耀日。选天下巧匠三万馀人，民夫三十馀万，不分昼夜而造，民力疲困，怨声不绝。
睿又降旨起土木于芳林园，使公卿皆负土树木于其中。司徒董寻上表切谏曰：
伏自建安以来，野战死亡，或门殚户尽，虽有存者，遗孤老弱。若今宫室狭小，欲广大之，犹宜随时，不妨农务，况作无益之物乎？陛下既尊群臣，显以冠冕，被以文绣，载以华舆，所以异于小人也。今又使负木担土，沾体涂足，毁国之光以崇无益，甚无谓也。孔子云：“君使臣以礼，臣事君以忠。”无忠无礼，国何以立？臣知言出必死，而自比于牛之一毛，生既无益，死亦何损。秉笔流涕，心与世辞。臣有八子，臣死之后，累陛下矣。不胜战栗待命之至！
睿览表怒曰：“董寻不怕死耶！”左右奏请斩之。睿曰：“此人素有忠义，今且废为庶人。再有妄言者必斩！”时有太子舍人张茂，字彦材，亦上表切谏，睿命斩之。即日召马钧问曰：“朕建高台峻阁，欲与神仙往来，以求长生不老之方。”钧奏曰：“汉朝二十四帝，惟武帝享国最久，寿算极高，盖因服天上日精月华之气也。尝于长安宫中建柏梁台，台上立一铜人，手捧一盘，名曰‘承露盘’，接三更北斗所降沆瀣之水[5]，其名曰‘天浆’，又曰‘甘露’。取此水用美玉为屑，调和服之，可以反老还童。”睿大喜曰：“汝今可引人夫星夜至长安，拆取铜人，移置芳林园中。”
钧领命，引一万人至长安，令周围搭起木架，上柏梁台去。不移时间，五千人连绳引索，旋环而上。那柏梁台高二十丈，铜柱圆十围。马钧教先拆铜人。多人并力拆下铜人来，只见铜人眼中潸然泪下，众皆大惊。忽然台边一阵狂风起处，飞砂走石，急若骤雨，一声响亮，就如天崩地裂，台倾柱倒，压死千馀人。钧取铜人及金盘回洛阳，入见魏主，献上铜人、承露盘。魏主问曰：“铜柱安在？”钧奏曰：“柱重百万斤，不能运至。”睿令将铜柱打碎，运来洛阳，铸成两个铜人，号为“翁仲”[6]，列于司马门外，又铸铜龙凤两个，龙高四丈，凤高三丈馀，立在殿前。又于上林苑中，种奇花异木，蓄养珍禽怪兽。少傅杨阜上表谏曰：
臣闻尧尚茅茨，而万国安居；禹卑宫室，而天下乐业；及至殷、周，或堂崇三尺，度以九筵耳。古之圣帝明王，未有极宫室之高丽，以凋敝百姓之财力者也。桀作璇室、象廊，纣为倾宫、鹿台，以丧其社稷；楚灵以筑章华而身受其祸；秦始皇作阿房而殃及其子，天下叛之，二世而灭。夫不度万民之力，以从耳目之欲，未有不亡者也。陛下当以尧、舜、禹、汤、文、武为法则，以桀、纣、楚、秦为深诫。而乃自暇自逸，惟宫台是饰，必有危亡之祸矣。君作元首，臣为股肱，存亡一体，得失同之。臣虽驽怯，敢忘诤臣之义？言不切至，不足以感寤陛下。谨叩棺沐浴，伏俟重诛。
表上，睿不省，只催督马钧建造高台，安置铜人、承露盘，又降旨广选天下美女入芳林园中。众官纷纷上表谏诤，睿俱不听。
却说曹睿之后毛氏，乃河内人也。先年睿为平原王时，最相恩爱，及即帝位，立为后，后睿因宠郭夫人，毛后失宠。郭夫人美而慧，睿甚嬖之，每日取乐，月馀不出宫闼。是岁春三月，芳林园中百花争放，睿同郭夫人到园中赏玩饮酒。郭夫人曰：“何不请皇后同乐？”睿曰：“若彼在，朕涓滴不能下咽也。”遂传谕宫娥，不许令毛后知道。毛后见睿月馀不入正宫，是日引十馀宫人，来翠花楼上消遣，只听的乐声嘹亮，乃问曰：“何处奏乐？”一宫官启曰：“乃圣上与郭夫人于御花园中赏花饮酒。”毛后闻之，心中烦恼，回宫安歇。次日，毛皇后乘小车出宫游玩，正迎见睿于曲廊之间，乃笑曰：“陛下昨游北园，其乐不浅也！”睿大怒，即命擒昨日侍奉诸人到，叱曰：“昨游北园，朕禁左右不许使毛后知道，何得又宣露！”喝令宫官将诸侍奉人尽斩之，毛后大惊。回车至宫，睿即降诏赐毛皇后死，立郭夫人为皇后，朝臣莫敢谏者。忽一日，幽州刺史丘俭上表，报称辽东公孙渊造反，自号为燕王，改元绍汉元年，建宫殿，立官职，兴兵入寇，摇动北方。睿大惊，即聚文武官僚，商议起兵退渊之策。正是：才将土木劳中国，又见干戈起外方。未知何以御之，且看下文分解。
[1] 谋为不轨——图谋造反、作乱。轨，法度。
[2] 人皆下之——大家都退让他，由他占先。
[3] 若——这里是说了一方别说一方的转接连词，相当于“至于”。
[4] 年宦——做官的年期、资历。
[5] 沆瀣（hànɡ xiè）之水——夜间由雾气凝结而成的水，即露水。
[6] 翁仲——历史传说：阮翁仲，秦朝人。身长一丈三尺。秦始皇命他守边界，匈奴人很怕他。死后，秦始皇给他铸了一座铜像。后来铸刻高大的铜像或石像，就都叫做翁仲。
CHAPTER 105. The Lord of Wuxiang Leaves A Plan In The Silken Bag; The Ruler of Wei Removes The Bronze Statue With The Dew Bowl.
Yang Yi sent forward a man to find out what force this was that stood in his way, and the scout returned to say they were soldiers of Shu led by Wei Yan. Wei Yan had burned the Plank Trail and now barred the way.
Then said Yang Yi, “Just before his death the Prime Minister foretold that this man would one day turn traitor, and here it has come to pass. I did not expect to meet it thus, but now our road of retreat is cut, and what is to be done?”
Then replied Fei Yi, “He certainly has slandered us to the Emperor and said that we were rebelling, and therefore he has destroyed the wooden roads in order to prevent our progress first; therefore, we must memorialize to the Throne the truth about him and then plan his destruction.”
Jiang Wei said, “I know a by-way hereabout that will lead us round to the rear of these covered roads. True it is precipitous and dangerous, but it will take us to our destination. It is called the Chashan Mountain Path.”
So they prepared a memorial and turned off in order to follow the narrow mountain road.
Meanwhile in Chengdu the Latter Ruler of Shu was troubled; he lost his appetite and was sleepless. Then he dreamed that the Silky Hills that protected his capital was rived and fell. This dream troubled him till morning, when he called in his officers of all ranks to ask them to interpret his vision.
When he had related his dream, Qiao Zhou stood forth and said, “Last night I saw a large red star fall from the northeast to the southwest; surely it forebodes a misfortune to the First Minister. Your Majesty's dream corresponds to what I saw.”
The Latter Ruler's anxiety increased. Presently Li Fu returned and was summoned into the Latter Ruler's presence.
Li Fu bowed his head and wept, saying, “The Prime Minister is dead.”
He repeated Zhuge Liang's last messages and told all that he knew.
The Latter Ruler was overcome with great sorrow, and wailed, crying, “Heaven smites me!” and he fell over and lay upon his couch. They led him within to the inner chambers; and when Empress Wu, the Empress Dowager, heard the sad tidings, she also wailed without ceasing. And all the officers were distressed and wept, and the common people showed their grief.
The Latter Ruler was deeply affected, and for many days could hold no court. And while thus prostrate with grief, they told him that Wei Yan had sent up a memorial charging Yang Yi with rebellion. The astounded courtiers went to the Latter Ruler's chamber to talk over this thing, and Empress Wu was also there. The memorial was read aloud. It was much like this:
“I, thy Minister and General, Wei Yan, General Who Conquers the West and Lord of Nanzheng, humbly and with bowed head write that Yang Yi has assumed command of the army and is in rebellion. He has made off with the coffin of the late Prime Minister and wishes to lead enemies within our borders. As a precaution, and to hinder his progress, I have burned the Plank Trail and now report these matters.”
The Latter Ruler said, “Wei Yan is a valiant warrior and could easily have overcome Yang Yi; why then did he destroy the Plank Trail?”
Empress Wu said, “The First Ruler used to say that Zhuge Liang knew that treachery lurked in the heart of Wei Yan, and he wished to put Wei Yan to death; he only spared Wei Yan because of his valor. We should not believe too readily this tale of his that Yang Yi has rebelled. Yang Yi is a scholar and a civil officer, and the late Prime Minister placed him in a position of great responsibility, thereby proving that he trusted and valued Yang Yi. If we believe this statement, surely Yang Yi will be forced to go over to Wei. Nothing should be done without due meditation.”
As they were discussing this matter, an urgent memorial came from Yang Yi, and opening it, they read:
“I, Yang Yi, leader of the retreating army, humbly and with trepidation, present this memorial. In his last moments the late Prime Minister made over to me the charge of the great enterprise, and bade me carry out his plan without change. I have respected his charge. I ordered Wei Yan to command the rearguard with Jiang Wei as his second. But Wei Yan refused obedience and led away his own army into Hanzhong. Then he burned the Plank Trail, tried to steal away the body of the late Commander-in-Chief, and behaved altogether unseemly. His rebellion came upon me suddenly and unexpectedly. I send this memorial in haste.”
The Empress Dowager listened to the end. Then, turning to the officers, she said, “What is your opinion now?”
Jiang Wan replied, “Yang Yi is hasty and intolerant, but he has rendered great services in supplying the army. He has long been a trusted colleague of the late Prime Minister, who, being near his end, entrusted to him the conduct of affairs. Certainly he is no rebel. On the other hand, Wei Yan is bold and ambitious and thinks himself everybody's superior. Yang Yi is the only one who has openly been of different opinion, and hence Wei Yan hates him. When he saw Yang Yi placed over his head in command of the army, Wei Yan refused his support. Then Wei Yan burned the Plank Trail in order to cut off Yang Yi's retreat, and maligned him, hoping to bring about his fall. I am ready to guarantee Yang Yi's fealty to the extent of my whole house, but I would not answer for Wei Yan.”
Dong Yun followed, “Wei Yan has always been conceited and discontented. His mouth was full of hate and resentment, and only fear of the late Prime Minister held him in check. The Prime Minister's death gave him his opportunity, and he turned traitor. This is certainly the true state of the case. Yang Yi is able, and his employment by the late Prime Minister is proof of his loyalty.”
“If this is true and Wei Yan is really a rebel, what should be done?” asked the Latter Ruler.
“I think the late Prime Minister has framed some scheme by which to get rid of Wei Yan. If Yang Yi had not felt secure, he would scarcely have set out to return through the valleys. Your Majesty may feel sure that Wei Yan will fall into some trap. We have received, almost at the same time, two memorials from two men, each bringing against the other a charge of rebellion. Let us wait.”
Just then Fei Yi arrived. He was summoned into the royal presence and told the story of Wei Yan's revolt.
The Latter Ruler replied, “In that case I should do well to send Dong Yun with the flag of authority to mediate the situation and attempt to persuade Wei Yan with kind words.”
So Dong Yun left on this mission. At this time Wei Yan was camped at Nangu Valley, which was a commanding position. He thought his plan was succeeding well. It had not occurred to him that Yang Yi and Jiang Wei could get past him by any by-way.
On the other hand, Yang Yi, thinking that Hanzhong was lost, sent He Ping with three thousand troops on in front while he followed with the coffin.
When He Ping had got to the rear of Nangu Valley, they announced their presence with rolling drums. The scouts quickly told Wei Yan, who at once armed himself, took his sword, and rode out to confront He Ping. When both sides were arrayed, He Ping rode to the front and began to revile his opponent.
“Where is that rebel Wei Yan?” cried He Ping.
“You aided that traitor Yang Yi;” cried Wei Yan, no way backward with his tongue, “how dare you abuse me?”
He Ping waxed more indignant.
“You rebelled immediately after the late chief's death, before even his body was cold. How could you?”
Then shaking his whip at the followers of Wei Yan, He Ping cried, “And you soldiers are Shu people. Your fathers and mothers, wives and children, and your friends are still in the land. Were you treated unkindly that you have joined a traitor and aid his wicked schemes? You ought to have returned home and waited quietly the rewards that would have been yours.”
The soldiers were touched by his words; they cheered, and more than a half ran away.
Wei Yan was now raging. He whirled up his sword and galloped forward straight for He Ping, who went to meet him with his spear ready. They fought several bouts, and then He Ping rode away as if defeated. Wei Yan followed, but He Ping's troops began to shoot and Wei Yan was driven backward. As he got near his own ranks, Wei Yan saw many generals leaving their companies and going away. He rode after them and cut some of them down. But this did not stay the movement; they continued to go. The only steady portion of his own army was that commanded by Ma Dai. They stood their ground.
“Will you really help me?” said Wei Yan. “I will surely remember you in the day of success.”
The two then went in pursuit of He Ping, who fled before them. However, it was soon evident that He Ping was not to be overtaken, and the pursuers halted. Wei Yan mustered his now small force.
“What if we go over to Wei?” said Wei Yan.
“I think your words unwise,” said Ma Dai. “Why should we join anyone? A really strong person would try to carve out his own fortune and not be ready to crook the knee to another. You are able enough and brave enough to be more than a match for any leader in the Lands of Rivers. No one would dare to stand up to you. I pledge myself to go with you to the seizure of Hanzhong, and thence we will attack the Western Land of Rivers.”
So they marched together toward Nanzheng, where was Jiang Wei. From the bridge Jiang Wei saw their approach and marked their proud, martial look. He ordered the drawbridge to be raised and sent to tell his colleague, Yang Yi.
As they drew near, both Wei Yan and Ma Dai shouted out, “Surrender!”
In spite of the smallness of their following, Jiang Wei felt that Ma Dai acting with Wei Yan was a dangerous combination, and he wanted the advice of Yang Yi.
“Wei Yan is valorous, and he is having the help of Ma Dai. How shall we repel them?” asked Jiang Wei.
Yang Yi replied, “Just before his death, the Prime Minister gave me a silken bag, which he said I was to open when Wei Yan's mutiny reached a critical point. It contains a plan to rid ourselves of this traitor, and it seems that now is the moment to see what should be done.”
So Yang Yi opened the bag and drew forth the letter it held. On the cover he read, “To be opened when Wei Yan is actually arrayed opposite you.”
Said Jiang Wei, “As this has all been arranged for, I would better go out, and when his line is formed then you can come forth.”
Jiang Wei donned his armor, took his spear, and rode out, with three thousand troops. They marched out of the city gates with the drums beating. The array completed, Jiang Wei took his place under the great standard and opened with a volley of abuse.
“Rebel Wei Yan, the late Prime Minister never harmed you; why have you turned traitor?”
Wei Yan reined up, lowered his sword and replied, “Friend Jiang Wei, this is no concern of yours; tell Yang Yi to come.”
Now Yang Yi was also beneath the standard, but hidden. He opened the letter, and the words therein seemed to please him, for he rode forward blithely.
Presently he reined in, pointed to Wei Yan and said, “The Prime Minister foresaw your mutiny and bade me be on my guard. Now if you are able thrice to shout, 'Who dares kill me?', then you will be a real hero, and I will yield to you the whole of Hanzhong.”
Wei Yan laughed.
“Listen, you old fool! While Zhuge Liang lived I feared him somewhat. But he is dead and no one dares stand before me. I will not only shout the words thrice, but a myriad times. Why not?”
Wei Yan raised his sword, shook his bridle, and shouted, “Who dares kill me?”
He never finished. Behind him someone shouted savagely, “I dare kill you!” and at the same moment Wei Yan fell dead, cut down by Ma Dai.
This was the denouement, and was the secret entrusted to Ma Dai just before Zhuge Liang's death. Wei Yan was to be made to shout these words and slain when he least expected it. Yang Yi knew what was to happen, as it was written in the letter in the silken bag. A poem says:
Zhuge Liang foresaw when freed from his restraint
Wei Yan would traitor prove. The silken bag
Contained the plan for his undoing. We see
How it succeeded when the moment came.
So before Dong Yun had reached Nanzheng, Wei Yan was dead. Ma Dai joined his army to Jiang Wei's, and Yang Yi wrote another memorial, which he sent to the Latter Ruler.
The Latter Ruler issued an edict: “Wei Yan had paid the penalty of his crime; he should be honorably buried in consideration of his former services.”
Then Yang Yi continued his journey and in due time arrived at Chengdu with the coffin of the late Prime Minister. The Latter Ruler led out a large cavalcade of officers to meet the body at a point seven miles from the walls, and he lifted up his voice and wailed for the dead, and with him wailed all the officers and the common people, so that the sound of mourning filled the whole earth.
By royal command the body was borne into the city to the Palace of the Prime Minister, and his son Zhuge Zhan was chief mourner.
When next the Latter Ruler held a court, Yang Yi bound himself, and confessed he had been in fault.
The Latter Ruler bade them loose his bonds and said, “Noble Sir, the coffin would never have reached home but for you. You carried out the orders of the late Prime Minister, whereby Wei Yan was destroyed and all was made secure. This was all your doing.”
Yang Yi was promoted to be the Instructor of the Center Army, and Ma Dai was rewarded with the rank that Wei Yan had forfeited.
Yang Yi presented Zhuge Liang's testament, which the Latter Ruler read, weeping. By a special edict it was commanded that soothsayers should cast lots and select the site for the tomb of the great servant of the state.
Then Fei Yi said to the Latter Ruler, “When nearing his end, the Prime Minister commanded that he should be buried on Dingjun Mountain, in open ground, without sacrifice or monument.”
This wish was respected, and they chose a propitious day in the tenth month for the interment, and the Latter Ruler followed in the funeral procession to the grave on the Dingjun Mountain. The posthumous title conferred upon the late Prime Minister was Zhuge Liang the Loyally Martial, and a temple was built in Mianyang wherein were offered sacrifices at the four seasons.
The poet Du Fu wrote a poem:
To Zhuge Liang stands a great memorial hall,
In cypress shade, without the Chengdu Wall,
The steps thereto are bright with new grass springing,
Hiding among the branches orioles are singing
Devotion patient met reward; upon
The throne, built for the father, sat the son.
But ere was compassed all his plans conceived
He died; and heroes since for him have ever grieved.
Another poem by the same author says:
Zhuge Liang's fair fame stands clear to all the world;
Among king's ministers he surely takes
Exalted rank; for when the empire cleft
In three, a kingdom for his lord he won
By subtle craft. Throughout all time he stands
A shining figure, clear against the sky.
Akin was he to famous Yi Yin, Lu Wang,
Yet stands with chiefs, like Xiao He, Cao Shen;
The fates forbade that Han should be restored,
War-worn and weary, yet he steadfast stood.
Evil tidings came to the Latter Ruler on his return to his capital. He heard that Quan Zong had marched out with a large army from Wu and camped at the entrance to Baqiu. No one knew the object of this expedition.
“Here is Wu breaking their oath just as the Prime Minister has died,” cried the Latter Ruler. “What can we do?”
Then said Jiang Wan, “My advice is to send Wang Ping and Zhang Ni to camp at Baidicheng as a measure of precaution, while you send an envoy to Wu to announce the death and period of mourning. He can there observe the signs of the times.”
“The envoy must have a ready tongue,” said the Latter Ruler.
One stepped from the ranks of courtiers and offered himself. He was Zong Yu, a man of Nanyang, a Military Adviser. So he was appointed as envoy with the commissions of announcing the death of the Prime Minister and observing the conditions.
Zong Yu set out for Jianye, arrived and was taken in to the Emperor's presence. When the ceremony of introduction was over and the envoy looked about him, he saw that all were dressed in mourning.
But Sun Quan's countenance wore a look of anger, and he said, “Wu and Shu are one house; why has your master increased the guard at Baidicheng?”
Zong Yu replied, “It seemed as necessary for the west to increase the garrison there as for the east to have a force at Baqiu. Neither is worth asking about.”
“As an envoy you seem no way inferior to Deng Zhi,” said Sun Quan, smiling.
Sun Quan continued, “When I heard that your Prime Minister Zhuge Liang had gone to heaven, I wept daily and ordered my officers to wear mourning. I feared that Wei might take the occasion to attack Shu, and so I increased the garrison at Baqiu by ten thousand troops that I might be able to help you in case of need. That was my sole reason.”
Zong Yu bowed and thanked the Ruler of Wu.
“I would not go back upon the pledge between us,” said Sun Quan.
Zong Yu said, “I have been sent to inform you of the mourning for the late Prime Minister.”
Sun Quan took up a gold-tipped arrow and snapped it in twain, saying, “If I betray my oath, may my posterity be cut off!”
Then the Ruler of Wu dispatched an envoy with incense and silk and other gifts to be offered in sacrifice to the dead in the land of Shu.
Zong Yu and the envoy took leave of the Ruler of Wu and journeyed to Chengdu, where they went to the Latter Ruler, and Zong Yu made a memorial, saying, “The Ruler of Wu has wept for our Prime Minister and put his court into mourning. The increased garrison at Baqiu is intended to safeguard us from Wei, lest they take the occasion of a public sorrow to attack. And in token of his pledge, the Ruler of Wu broke an arrow in twain.”
The Latter Ruler was pleased and rewarded Zong Yu; moreover, the envoy of Wu was generously treated.
According to the advice in Zhuge Liang's testament, the Latter Ruler made Jiang Wan Prime Minister and Chair of the Secretariat, while Fei Yi became Deputy Prime Minister and Chair of a Board. Wu Yi was made Commander of the Flying Cavalry and Commandant of Hanzhong; Jiang Wei, General Who Upholds the Han, Lord of Pingxiang, and Commandant of Hanzhong.
Now as Yang Yi was senior in service to Jiang Wan, who had thus been promoted over his head, and as he considered his services had been inadequately rewarded, he was discontented and spoke resentfully.
He said to Fei Yi, “If when the Prime Minister died I had gone over to Wei, with the whole army, I should not have been thus left out in the cold.”
Fei Yi secretly reported this speech to the Latter Ruler, who was angered and threw Yang Yi into prison.
The Latter Ruler intended putting him to death, but Jiang Wan interceded, saying, “Yang Yi had followed the late Prime Minister in many campaigns and had had many good services. Your Majesty should not put him to death, but take away his rank.”
And Yang Yi was reprieved. However, he was degraded and sent into Hanjia in Hanzhong, where he committed suicide through shame.
In the thirteenth year of Beginning Prosperity of Shu, the same year being the third year of Green Dragon of Wei, and the fourth year of Domestic Peace of Wu (AD 235), there were no military expeditions. In Wei, Sima Yi was created Regent Marshal, with command over all the forces of Wei, and he departed for Luoyang.
The Ruler of Wei, at Xuchang, made preparations to build himself a palace complex. At Luoyang he also built the Hall of Sunrise, the Hall of the Firmament, and the Hall of Complete Patterns, all lofty and of beautiful designs. He also raised a Hall of Beautiful Passions, a Green Flageolet Tower, and a Phoenix Tower. He also dug a Nine Dragons Pool. Over all these works he placed Doctorate Scholar Ma Jun as superintendent of their building.
Nothing was spared that would contribute to the beauty of these buildings. The beams were carved, the rafters were painted, the walls were of golden bricks, and the roofs of green tiles. They glittered and glowed in the sunlight. The most cunning craftspeople in the world were sought, many thousands of them, and myriads of ordinary workers labored day and night on these works for the Emperor's glory and pleasure. But the strength of the people was spent in this toil, and they cried aloud and complained unceasingly.
Moreover, the Ruler of Wei issued an edict to carry earth and bring trees for the Fragrant Forest Park, and he employed officers of state in these labors, carrying earth and transporting trees.
The Minister of Works, Dong Xun, ventured upon a remonstrance, sending a memorial:
“From the beginning of Rebuilt Tranquillity Era, a generation ago, wars have been continuous and destruction rife.
Those who have escaped death are few, and these are old and weak. Now indeed it may be that the palaces are too small and enlargement is desired, but would it not be more fitting to choose the building season so as not to interfere with cultivation? Your Majesty has always valued many honorable officers, letting them wear beautiful headdresses, clad in handsome robes, and riding in decorated chariots to distinguish them from the common people. Now these officers are being made to carry timber and bear earth, to sweat and soil their feet. To destroy the glory of the state in order to raise a useless edifice is indescribable folly. Confucius the Teacher said that princes should treat ministers with polite consideration, and ministers should serve princes with loyalty. Without loyalty, without propriety, can a state endure?
“I recognize that these words of mine mean death, but I am of no value, a mere bullock's hair, and my life is of no importance, as my death would be no loss. I write with tears, bidding the world farewell.
“Thy servant has eight sons, who will be a burden to Your Majesty after his death. I cannot say with what trepidation I await my fate.”
“Has the man no fear of death?” said Cao Rui, greatly angered.
The courtiers requested the Emperor to put Dong Xun to death, but Cao Rui remembered his rectitude and proven loyalty and only degraded him, adding a warning to put to death those who would remonstrate.
A certain Zhang Mao, in the service of the Heir Apparent, also ventured upon a remonstrance. Cao Rui put him to death immediately.
Then Cao Rui summoned his Master of Works, Ma Jun, and said, “I have built high terraces and lofty towers with intent to hold intercourse with gods and goddesses, that I may obtain from them the elixir of life.”
Then Ma Jun replied, “Of the four and twenty emperors of the line of Latter Han, only Emperor Wu enjoyed the throne very long and really attained to old age. That was because he drank of the essence of the brilliancy of the sun and the brightness of the moon. In the Palace at Changan is the Terrace of Cypress Beams, upon which stands the bronze figure of a man holding up a Dew Bowl, whereinto distills, in the third watch of the night, the vapor from the great constellation of the north. This liquid is called Celestial Elixir, or Sweet Dew. If mingled with powdered jade and swallowed, it restores youth to the aged.”
“Take workers to Changan immediately and bring hither the bronze figure to set up in the Fragrant Forest Park,” said the Ruler of Wei.
As the Ruler of Wei commanded, they took ten thousand workers to Changan, and they built a scaffold around the figure. Then they attached ropes to haul it down. The terrace being two hundred feet high and the pedestal ten cubits in circumference, Ma Jun bade his laborers first detach the bronze image. They did so and brought it down. Its eyes were moist as with tears, and the workers were affrighted.
Then suddenly beside the terrace sprang up a whirlwind, with dust and pebbles flying thick as a shower of rain, and there was a tempestuous roar as of an earthquake. Down fell the pedestal, and the platform crumbled, crushing a thousand people to death.
However, the bronze figure and the golden bowl were conveyed to Luoyang and presented to the Emperor.
“Where is the pedestal?” asked the Ruler of Wei.
“It is too heavy to transport,” replied the Ma Jun. “It weighs a million and half of pounds.”
Wherefore the Ruler of Wei ordered the pillar to be broken up and the metal brought, and from this he caused to be cast two figures which he named Saints of Wengzhong. They were placed outside the gate of the Board of War. A pair of dragons and a pair of phoenixes were also cast, the dragons forty feet high and the birds thirty. These were placed in front of the Hall of Audience.
Moreover, in the Fragrant Forest Park the Ruler of Wei planted wonderful flowers and rare trees, and he also established a menagerie of strange animals.
Yang Fu remonstrated with the Emperor on these extravagances.
“As is well known, King Yao preferred his humble thatched cottage, and all the world enjoyed tranquillity; King Yu contented himself with a small modest palace, and all the empire rejoiced. In the days of Yin and Zhou Dynasties the hall of the ruler stood three feet above the usual height and its area was nine mats. The sage emperors and illustrious kings had no decorated chambers in lofty palaces built with the wealth, and by the strength, of a worn-out and despoiled people.
“Emperor Jie built a jade chamber and elephant stables; Emperor Zhou erected a surpassingly beautiful palace and a Deer Terrace. But these lost the empire. King Ling of Chu built beautiful palaces, but he came to an evil end. The First Emperor of Qin made the Afang Palace, but calamity fell upon his son, for the empire rebelled and his house was exterminated in the second generation.
“All those who have failed to consider the means of the people and given way to sensuous pleasures have perished. Your Majesty has the examples of Kings Yao, Yu, Shun, and Tang on the one hand, and the warnings of Kings Jie, Zhou, Ling, and the First Emperor on the other. To seek only self-indulgence and think only of fine palaces will surely end in calamity.
“The prince is the first and the head; his ministers are his limbs; they live or die together, they are involved in the same destruction. Though I am timorous, yet if I dared forget my duty, or failed to speak firmly, I should be unable to move Your Majesty. Now I have prepared my coffin and bathed my body ready for the most condign punishment.”
But the Ruler of Wei disregarded this memorial and only urged on the rapid completion of the terrace. Thereon he set up the bronze figure with the golden bowl. Moreover, he sent forth a command to select the most beautiful women in the empire for his garden of delight. Many memorials were presented, but the Ruler of Wei heeded them not.
Now the Consort of the Ruler of Wei was of the Mao family of Henei. In earlier days, when he was a prince, he had loved her exceedingly, and when he succeeded to the throne she became Empress Mao. Later he favored Lady Guo, and his Consort Mao was neglected. Lady Guo was beautiful and clever, and the Ruler of Wei delighted in her. He neglected state affairs for her society and often spent a month at a time in retirement with her. Every day there was some new gaiety.
In the spring, when the plants in the Fragrant Forest Park were in flower, the Ruler of Wei and Lady Guo came to the garden to enjoy them and to feast.
“Why not invite the Empress?” asked Lady Guo.
“If she came, nothing would pass my lips,” replied the Ruler of Wei.
He gave orders that his Consort should be kept in ignorance of these rejoicings.
But when a month passed without the appearance of the Emperor, Empress Mao and her ladies went to the Blue Flower Pavilion to entertain themselves. Hearing music, she asked who was providing it, and they told her that the Emperor and Lady Guo were feasting in the grounds.
That day Empress Mao returned to her palace filled with rage. Next day she went out in her carriage and saw the Emperor on a verandah.
“Yesterday Your Majesty was walking in the north garden, and you had plenty of music too,” said she, laughing.
Cao Rui was wroth and sent for all the attendants. He upbraided them with disobedience, saying, “I had forbidden you to tell things to the Empress, and you disobeyed my command.”
With this he put them all to death. Empress Mao feared and returned to her palace.
Then an edict appeared forcing Empress Mao to commit suicide and raising Lady Guo to be Empress in her place. And no officer dared to utter a remonstrance.
Just after this the Imperial Protector of Youzhou, Guanqiu Jian, sent in a memorial saying that Gongsun Yuan of Liaodong had risen in revolt, had assumed the style of Prince of Yan (an ancient state), and adopted a reign title of Extending Han. Gongsun Yuan had built himself a palace, established an administration of his own, and was disturbing the whole north with plundering.
A council met to consider this memorial.
Within, officials labor at ignoble tasks, and mean,
Without, the glint of weapons on the border may be seen.
How the insurgents were attacked will be related in the next chapter.