卷三十三·鲁周公世家第三
卷三十三·鲁周公世家第三
司马迁
周公旦者，周武王弟也。自文王在时，旦为子孝，笃仁，异于群子。及武王即位，旦常辅翼武王，用事居多。武王九年，东伐至盟津，周公辅行。十一年，伐纣，至牧野，周公佐武王，作牧誓。破殷，入商宫。已杀纣，周公把大钺，召公把小钺，以夹武王，衅社，告纣之罪于天，及殷民。释箕子之囚。封纣子武庚禄父，使管叔、蔡叔傅之，以续殷祀。遍封功臣同姓戚者。封周公旦于少昊之虚曲阜，是为鲁公。周公不就封，留佐武王。
武王克殷二年，天下未集，武王有疾，不豫，群臣惧，太公、召公乃缪卜。周公曰：“未可以戚我先王。”周公于是乃自以为质，设三坛，周公北面立，戴璧秉圭，告于太王、王季、文王。史策祝曰：“惟尔元孙王发，勤劳阻疾。若尔三王是有负子之责于天，以旦代王发之身。旦巧能，多材多蓺，能事鬼神。乃王发不如旦多材多蓺，不能事鬼神。乃命于帝庭，敷佑四方，用能定汝子孙于下地，四方之民罔不敬畏。无坠天之降葆命，我先王亦永有所依归。今我其即命于元龟，尔之许我，我以其璧与圭归，以俟尔命。尔不许我，我乃屏璧与圭。”周公已令史策告太王、王季、文王，欲代武王发，于是乃即三王而卜。卜人皆曰吉，发书视之，信吉。周公喜，开籥，乃见书遇吉。周公入贺武王曰：“王其无害。旦新受命三王，维长终是图。兹道能念予一人。”周公藏其策金縢匮中，诫守者勿敢言。明日，武王有瘳。
其后武王既崩，成王少，在强葆之中。周公恐天下闻武王崩而畔，周公乃践阼代成王摄行政当国。管叔及其群弟流言于国曰：“周公将不利于成王。”周公乃告太公望、召公奭曰：“我之所以弗辟而摄行政者，恐天下畔周，无以告我先王太王、王季、文王。三王之忧劳天下久矣，于今而后成。武王蚤终，成王少，将以成周，我所以为之若此。”于是卒相成王，而使其子伯禽代就封于鲁。周公戒伯禽曰：“我文王之子，武王之弟，成王之叔父，我于天下亦不贱矣。然我一沐三捉发，一饭三吐哺，起以待士，犹恐失天下之贤人。子之鲁，慎无以国骄人。”
管、蔡、武庚等果率淮夷而反。周公乃奉成王命，兴师东伐，作大诰。遂诛管叔，杀武庚，放蔡叔。收殷余民，以封康叔于卫，封微子于宋，以奉殷祀。宁淮夷东土，二年而毕定。诸侯咸服宗周。
天降祉福，唐叔得禾，异母同颖，献之成王，成王命唐叔以饣鬼周公于东土，作饣鬼禾。周公既受命禾，嘉天子命，作嘉禾。东土以集，周公归报成王，乃为诗贻王，命之曰鸱鸮。王亦未敢训周公。
成王七年二月乙未，王朝步自周，至丰，使太保召公先之雒相土。其三月，周公往营成周雒邑，卜居焉，曰吉，遂国之。
成王长，能听政。于是周公乃还政于成王，成王临朝。周公之代成王治，南面倍依以朝诸侯。及七年后，还政成王，北面就臣位，躬躬如畏然。
初，成王少时，病，周公乃自揃其蚤沈之河，以祝于神曰：“王少未有识，奸神命者乃旦也。”亦藏其策于府。成王病有瘳。及成王用事，人或谮周公，周公奔楚。成王发府，见周公祷书，乃泣，反周公。
周公归，恐成王壮，治有所淫佚，乃作多士，作毋逸。毋逸称：“为人父母，为业至长久，子孙骄奢忘之，以亡其家，为人子可不慎乎！故昔在殷王中宗，严恭敬畏天命，自度治民，震惧不敢荒宁，故中宗飨国七十五年。其在高宗，久劳于外，为与小人，作其即位，乃有亮暗，三年不言，言乃讙，不敢荒宁，密靖殷国，至于小大无怨，故高宗飨国五十五年。其在祖甲，不义惟王，久为小人于外，知小人之依，能保施小民，不侮鳏寡，故祖甲飨国三十三年。”多士称曰：“自汤至于帝乙，无不率祀明德，帝无不配天者。在今后嗣王纣，诞淫厥佚，不顾天及民之从也。其民皆可诛。”“文王日中昃不暇食，飨国五十年。”作此以诫成王。
成王在丰，天下已安，周之官政未次序，于是周公作周官，官别其宜，作立政，以便百姓。百姓说。
周公在丰，病，将没，曰：“必葬我成周，以明吾不敢离成王。”周公既卒，成王亦让，葬周公于毕，从文王，以明予小子不敢臣周公也。
周公卒后，秋未穫，暴风雷，禾尽偃，大木尽拔。周国大恐。成王与大夫朝服以开金縢书，王乃得周公所自以为功代武王之说。二公及王乃问史百执事，史百执事曰：“信有，昔周公命我勿敢言。”成王执书以泣，曰：“自今后其无缪卜乎！昔周公勤劳王家，惟予幼人弗及知。今天动威以彰周公之德，惟朕小子其迎，我国家礼亦宜之。”王出郊，天乃雨，反风，禾尽起。二公命国人，凡大木所偃，尽起而筑之。岁则大孰。于是成王乃命鲁得郊祭文王。鲁有天子礼乐者，以襃周公之德也。
周公卒，子伯禽固已前受封，是为鲁公。鲁公伯禽之初受封之鲁，三年而后报政周公。周公曰：“何迟也？”伯禽曰：“变其俗，革其礼，丧三年然后除之，故迟。”太公亦封于齐，五月而报政周公。周公曰：“何疾也？”曰：“吾简其君臣礼，从其俗为也。”及后闻伯禽报政迟，乃叹曰：“呜呼，鲁后世其北面事齐矣！夫政不简不易，民不有近；平易近民，民必归之。”
伯禽即位之后，有管、蔡等反也，淮夷、徐戎亦并兴反。于是伯禽率师伐之于肸，作肸誓，曰：“陈尔甲胄，无敢不善。无敢伤牿。马牛其风，臣妾逋逃，勿敢越逐，敬复之。无敢寇攘，逾墙垣。鲁人三郊三隧，歭尔刍茭、糗粮、桢榦，无敢不逮。我甲戌筑而征徐戎，无敢不及，有大刑。”作此肸誓，遂平徐戎，定鲁。
鲁公伯禽卒，子考公酋立。考公四年卒，立弟熙，是谓炀公。炀公筑茅阙门。六年卒，子幽公宰立。幽公十四年。幽公弟氵费杀幽公而自立，是为魏公。魏公五十年卒，子厉公擢立。厉公三十七年卒，鲁人立其弟具，是为献公。献公三十二年卒，子真公濞立。
真公十四年，周厉王无道，出奔彘，共和行政。二十九年，周宣王即位。
三十年，真公卒，弟敖立，是为武公。
武公九年春，武公与长子括，少子戏，西朝周宣王。宣王爱戏，欲立戏为鲁太子。周之樊仲山父谏宣王曰：“废长立少，不顺；不顺，必犯王命；犯王命，必诛之：故出令不可不顺也。令之不行，政之不立；行而不顺，民将弃上。夫下事上，少事长，所以为顺。今天子建诸侯，立其少，是教民逆也。若鲁从之，诸侯效之，王命将有所壅；若弗从而诛之，是自诛王命也。诛之亦失，不诛亦失，王其图之。”宣王弗听，卒立戏为鲁太子。夏，武公归而卒，戏立，是为懿公。
懿公九年，懿公兄括之子伯御与鲁人攻弑懿公，而立伯御为君。伯御即位十一年，周宣王伐鲁，杀其君伯御，而问鲁公子能道顺诸侯者，以为鲁后。樊穆仲曰：“鲁懿公弟称，肃恭明神，敬事耆老；赋事行刑，必问于遗训而咨于固实；不干所问，不犯所咨。”宣王曰：“然，能训治其民矣。”乃立称于夷宫，是为孝公。自是后，诸侯多畔王命。
孝公二十五年，诸侯畔周，犬戎杀幽王。秦始列为诸侯。
二十七年，孝公卒，子弗湟立，是为惠公。
惠公三十年，晋人弑其君昭侯。四十五年，晋人又弑其君孝侯。
四十六年，惠公卒，长庶子息摄当国，行君事，是为隐公。初，惠公適夫人无子，公贱妾声子生子息。息长，为娶于宋。宋女至而好，惠公夺而自妻之。生子允。登宋女为夫人，以允为太子。及惠公卒，为允少故，鲁人共令息摄政，不言即位。
隐公五年，观渔于棠。八年，与郑易天子之太山之邑祊及许田，君子讥之。
十一年冬，公子挥谄谓隐公曰：“百姓便君，君其遂立。吾请为君杀子允，君以我为相。”隐公曰：“有先君命。吾为允少，故摄代。今允长矣，吾方营菟裘之地而老焉，以授子允政。”挥惧子允闻而反诛之，乃反谮隐公于子允曰：“隐公欲遂立，去子，子其图之。请为子杀隐公。”子允许诺。十一月，隐公祭钟巫，齐于社圃，馆于蒍氏。挥使人杀隐公于蒍氏，而立子允为君，是为桓公。
桓公元年，郑以璧易天子之许田。二年，以宋之赂鼎入于太庙，君子讥之。
三年，使挥迎妇于齐为夫人。六年，夫人生子，与桓公同日，故名曰同。同长，为太子。
十六年，会于曹，伐郑，入厉公。
十八年春，公将有行，遂与夫人如齐。申繻谏止，公不听，遂如齐。齐襄公通桓公夫人。公怒夫人，夫人以告齐侯。夏四月丙子，齐襄公飨公，公醉，使公子彭生抱鲁桓公，因命彭生摺其胁，公死于车。鲁人告于齐曰：“寡君畏君之威，不敢宁居，来脩好礼。礼成而不反，无所归咎，请得彭生除丑于诸侯。”齐人杀彭生以说鲁。立太子同，是为庄公。庄公母夫人因留齐，不敢归鲁。
庄公五年冬，伐卫，内卫惠公。
八年，齐公子纠来奔。九年，鲁欲内子纠于齐，后桓公，桓公发兵击鲁，鲁急，杀子纠。召忽死。齐告鲁生致管仲。鲁人施伯曰：“齐欲得管仲，非杀之也，将用之，用之则为鲁患。不如杀，以其尸与之。”庄公不听，遂囚管仲与齐。齐人相管仲。
十三年，鲁庄公与曹沬会齐桓公于柯，曹沬劫齐桓公，求鲁侵地，已盟而释桓公。桓公欲背约，管仲谏，卒归鲁侵地。十五年，齐桓公始霸。二十三年，庄公如齐观社。
三十二年，初，庄公筑台临党氏，见孟女，说而爱之，许立为夫人，割臂以盟。孟女生子斑。斑长，说梁氏女，往观。圉人荦自墙外与梁氏女戏。斑怒，鞭荦。庄公闻之，曰：“荦有力焉，遂杀之，是未可鞭而置也。”斑未得杀。会庄公有疾。庄公有三弟，长曰庆父，次曰叔牙，次曰季友。庄公取齐女为夫人曰哀姜。哀姜无子。哀姜娣曰叔姜，生子开。庄公无適嗣，爱孟女，欲立其子斑。庄公病，而问嗣于弟叔牙。叔牙曰：“一继一及，鲁之常也。庆父在，可为嗣，君何忧？”庄公患叔牙欲立庆父，退而问季友。季友曰：“请以死立斑也。”庄公曰：“曩者叔牙欲立庆父，柰何？”季友以庄公命命牙待于针巫氏，使针季劫饮叔牙以鸩，曰：“饮此则有后奉祀；不然，死且无后。”牙遂饮鸩而死，鲁立其子为叔孙氏。八月癸亥，庄公卒，季友竟立子斑为君，如庄公命。侍丧，舍于党氏。
先时庆父与哀姜私通，欲立哀姜娣子开。及庄公卒而季友立斑，十月己未，庆父使圉人荦杀鲁公子斑于党氏。季友奔陈。庆父竟立庄公子开，是为湣公。
湣公二年，庆父与哀姜通益甚。哀姜与庆父谋杀湣公而立庆父。庆父使卜齮袭杀湣公于武闱。季友闻之，自陈与湣公弟申如邾，请鲁求内之。鲁人欲诛庆父。庆父恐，奔莒。于是季友奉子申入，立之，是为釐公。釐公亦庄公少子。哀姜恐，奔邾。季友以赂如莒求庆父，庆父归，使人杀庆父，庆父请奔，弗听，乃使大夫奚斯行哭而往。庆父闻奚斯音，乃自杀。齐桓公闻哀姜与庆父乱以危鲁，及召之邾而杀之，以其尸归，戮之鲁。鲁釐公请而葬之。
季友母陈女，故亡在陈，陈故佐送季友及子申。季友之将生也，父鲁桓公使人卜之，曰：“男也，其名曰‘友’，间于两社，为公室辅。季友亡，则鲁不昌。”及生，有文在掌曰“友”，遂以名之，号为成季。其后为季氏，庆父后为孟氏也。
釐公元年，以汶阳鄪封季友。季友为相。
九年，晋里克杀其君奚齐、卓子。齐桓公率釐公讨晋乱，至高梁而还，立晋惠公。十七年，齐桓公卒。二十四年，晋文公即位。
三十三年，釐公卒，子兴立，是为文公。
文公元年，楚太子商臣弑其父成王，代立。三年，文公朝晋襄公。
十一年十月甲午，鲁败翟于咸，获长翟乔如，富父终甥舂其喉，以戈杀之，埋其首于子驹之门，以命宣伯。
初，宋武公之世，鄋瞒伐宋，司徒皇父帅师御之，以败翟于长丘，获长翟缘斯。晋之灭路，获乔如弟棼如。齐惠公二年，鄋瞒伐齐，齐王子城父获其弟荣如，埋其首于北门。卫人获其季弟简如。鄋瞒由是遂亡。
十五年，季文子使于晋。
十八年二月，文公卒。文公有二妃：长妃齐女为哀姜，生子恶及视；次妃敬嬴，嬖爱，生子俀。俀私事襄仲，襄仲欲立之，叔仲曰不可。襄仲请齐惠公，惠公新立，欲亲鲁，许之。冬十月，襄仲杀子恶及视而立俀，是为宣公。哀姜归齐，哭而过巿，曰：“天乎！襄仲为不道，杀適立庶！”巿人皆哭，鲁人谓之“哀姜”。鲁由此公室卑，三桓强。
宣公俀十二年，楚庄王强，围郑。郑伯降，复国之。
十八年，宣公卒，子成公黑肱立，是为成公。季文子曰：“使我杀適立庶失大援者，襄仲。”襄仲立宣公，公孙归父有宠。宣公欲去三桓，与晋谋伐三桓。会宣公卒，季文子怨之，归父奔齐。
成公二年春，齐伐取我隆。夏，公与晋郤克败齐顷公于鞍，齐复归我侵地。四年，成公如晋，晋景公不敬鲁。鲁欲背晋合于楚，或谏，乃不。十年，成公如晋。晋景公卒，因留成公送葬，鲁讳之。十五年，始与吴王寿梦会钟离。
十六年，宣伯告晋，欲诛季文子。文子有义，晋人弗许。
十八年，成公卒，子午立，是为襄公。是时襄公三岁也。
襄公元年，晋立悼公。往年冬，晋栾书弑其君厉公。四年，襄公朝晋。
五年，季文子卒。家无衣帛之妾，厩无食粟之马，府无金玉，以相三君。君子曰：“季文子廉忠矣。”
九年，与晋伐郑。晋悼公冠襄公于卫，季武子从，相行礼。
十一年，三桓氏分为三军。
十二年，朝晋。十六年，晋平公即位。二十一年，朝晋平公。
二十二年，孔丘生。
二十五年，齐崔杼弑其君庄公，立其弟景公。
二十九年，吴延陵季子使鲁，问周乐，尽知其意，鲁人敬焉。
三十一年六月，襄公卒。其九月，太子卒。鲁人立齐归之子裯为君，是为昭公。
昭公年十九，犹有童心。穆叔不欲立，曰：“太子死，有母弟可立，不即立长。年钧择贤，义钧则卜之。今裯非適嗣，且又居丧意不在戚而有喜色，若果立，必为季氏忧。”季武子弗听，卒立之。比及葬，三易衰。君子曰：“是不终也。”
昭公三年，朝晋至河，晋平公谢还之，鲁耻焉。四年，楚灵王会诸侯于申，昭公称病不往。七年，季武子卒。八年，楚灵王就章华台，召昭公。昭公往贺，赐昭公宝器；已而悔，复诈取之。十二年，朝晋至河，晋平公谢还之。十三年，楚公子弃疾弑其君灵王，代立。十五年，朝晋，晋留之葬晋昭公，鲁耻之。二十年，齐景公与晏子狩竟，因入鲁问礼。二十一年，朝晋至河，晋谢还之。
二十五年春，鸲鹆来巢。师己曰：“文成之世童谣曰‘鸲鹆来巢，公在乾侯。鸲鹆入处，公在外野’。”
季氏与郈氏斗鸡，季氏芥鸡羽，郈氏金距。季平子怒而侵郈氏，郈昭伯亦怒平子。臧昭伯之弟会伪谗臧氏，匿季氏，臧昭伯囚季氏人。季平子怒，囚臧氏老。臧、郈氏以难告昭公。昭公九月戊戌伐季氏，遂入。平子登台请曰：“君以谗不察臣罪，诛之，请迁沂上。”弗许。请囚于鄪，弗许。请以五乘亡，弗许。子家驹曰：“君其许之。政自季氏久矣，为徒者众，众将合谋。”弗听。郈氏曰：“必杀之。”叔孙氏之臣戾谓其众曰：“无季氏与有，孰利？”皆曰：“无季氏是无叔孙氏。”戾曰：“然，救季氏！”遂败公师。孟懿子闻叔孙氏胜，亦杀郈昭伯。郈昭伯为公使，故孟氏得之。三家共伐公，公遂奔。己亥，公至于齐。齐景公曰：“请致千社待君。”子家曰：“弃周公之业而臣于齐，可乎？”乃止。子家曰：“齐景公无信，不如早之晋。”弗从。叔孙见公还，见平子，平子顿首。初欲迎昭公，孟孙、季孙后悔，乃止。
二十六年春，齐伐鲁，取郓而居昭公焉。夏，齐景公将内公，令无受鲁赂。申丰、汝贾许齐臣高龁、子将粟五千庾。子将言于齐侯曰：“群臣不能事鲁君，有异焉。宋元公为鲁如晋，求内之，道卒。叔孙昭子求内其君，无病而死。不知天弃鲁乎？抑鲁君有罪于鬼神也？愿君且待。”齐景公从之。
二十八年，昭公如晋，求入。季平子私于晋六卿，六卿受季氏赂，谏晋君，晋君乃止，居昭公乾侯。二十九年，昭公如郓。齐景公使人赐昭公书，自谓“主君”。昭公耻之，怒而去乾侯。三十一年，晋欲内昭公，召季平子。平子布衣跣行，因六卿谢罪。六卿为言曰：“晋欲内昭公，众不从。”晋人止。三十二年，昭公卒于乾侯。鲁人共立昭公弟宋为君，是为定公。
定公立，赵简子问史墨曰：“季氏亡乎？”史墨对曰：“不亡。季友有大功于鲁，受鄪为上卿，至于文子、武子，世增其业。鲁文公卒，东门遂杀適立庶，鲁君于是失国政。政在季氏，于今四君矣。民不知君，何以得国！是以为君慎器与名，不可以假人。”
定公五年，季平子卒。阳虎私怒，囚季桓子，与盟，乃舍之。七年，齐伐我，取郓，以为鲁阳虎邑以从政。八年，阳虎欲尽杀三桓適，而更立其所善庶子以代之；载季桓子将杀之，桓子诈而得脱。三桓共攻阳虎，阳虎居阳关。九年，鲁伐阳虎，阳虎奔齐，已而奔晋赵氏。
十年，定公与齐景公会于夹谷，孔子行相事。齐欲袭鲁君，孔子以礼历阶，诛齐淫乐，齐侯惧，乃止，归鲁侵地而谢过。十二年，使仲由毁三桓城，收其甲兵。孟氏不肯堕城，伐之，不克而止。季桓子受齐女乐，孔子去。
十五年，定公卒，子将立，是为哀公。
哀公五年，齐景公卒。六年，齐田乞弑其君孺子。
七年，吴王夫差强，伐齐，至缯，徵百牢于鲁。季康子使子贡说吴王及太宰嚭，以礼诎之。吴王曰：“我文身，不足责礼。”乃止。
八年，吴为邹伐鲁，至城下，盟而去。齐伐我，取三邑。十年，伐齐南边。十一年，齐伐鲁。季氏用冉有有功，思孔子，孔子自卫归鲁。
十四年，齐田常弑其君简公于俆州。孔子请伐之，哀公不听。十五年，使子服景伯、子贡为介，適齐，齐归我侵地。田常初相，欲亲诸侯。
十六年，孔子卒。
二十二年，越王句践灭吴王夫差。
二十七年春，季康子卒。夏，哀公患三桓，将欲因诸侯以劫之，三桓亦患公作难，故君臣多间。公游于陵阪，遇孟武伯于街，曰：“请问余及死乎？”对曰：“不知也。”公欲以越伐三桓。八月，哀公如陉氏。三桓攻公，公奔于卫，去如邹，遂如越。国人迎哀公复归，卒于有山氏。子宁立，是为悼公。
悼公之时，三桓胜，鲁如小侯，卑于三桓之家。
十三年，三晋灭智伯，分其地有之。
三十七年，悼公卒，子嘉立，是为元公。元公二十一年卒，子显立，是为穆公。穆公三十三年卒，子奋立，是为共公。共公二十二年卒，子屯立，是为康公。康公九年卒，子匽立，是为景公。景公二十九年卒，子叔立，是为平公。是时六国皆称王。
平公十二年，秦惠王卒。二十年，平公卒，子贾立，是为文公。文公元年，楚怀王死于秦。二十三年，文公卒，子雠立，是为顷公。
顷公二年，秦拔楚之郢，楚顷王东徙于陈。十九年，楚伐我，取徐州。二十四年，楚考烈王伐灭鲁。顷公亡，迁于下邑，为家人，鲁绝祀。顷公卒于柯。
鲁起周公至顷公，凡三十四世。
太史公曰：余闻孔子称曰“甚矣鲁道之衰也！洙泗之间龂龂如也”。观庆父及叔牙闵公之际，何其乱也？隐桓之事；襄仲杀適立庶；三家北面为臣，亲攻昭公，昭公以奔。至其揖让之礼则从矣，而行事何其戾也？
Volume 33 · The Hereditary House of the Duke of Zhou of Lu, Third
司马迁
Dan, the Duke of Zhou, was the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou. From the time when King Wen was alive, Dan as a son was filial and deeply humane, unlike the other sons. When King Wu came to the throne, Dan constantly supported and assisted him, and had the larger part in the management of affairs. In King Wu's ninth year he attacked eastward as far as Mengjin, and the Duke of Zhou went with him as his support. In the eleventh year he attacked Zhou the tyrant, and coming to Muye the Duke of Zhou assisted King Wu and composed the Oath at Mu. They broke the Yin and entered the palace of Shang. When Zhou had been killed, the Duke of Zhou held the great battle-axe and the Duke of Shao the lesser battle-axe, and they flanked King Wu; they smeared the altar of the soil with blood and announced the crimes of Zhou to Heaven and to the people of Yin. They released Jizi from prison. They enfeoffed Zhou's son Wugeng Lufu, and had Guanshu and Caishu act as his guardians, so as to continue the sacrifices of Yin. They enfeoffed throughout all the meritorious ministers, those of the same surname and the kin by marriage. They enfeoffed Dan the Duke of Zhou at Qufu, the ruins of Shaohao: this was the Duke of Lu. The Duke of Zhou did not go to take up his fief, but stayed to assist King Wu.
Two years after King Wu overcame the Yin, the empire was not yet gathered in, and King Wu fell ill and was not well. The ministers were afraid, and the Grand Duke and the Duke of Shao made a reverent divination. The Duke of Zhou said: "We may not yet distress our former kings with this." Thereupon the Duke of Zhou offered himself as the substitute. He set up three altars, and the Duke of Zhou stood facing north, wearing the jade disc and holding the jade baton, and made announcement to the Great King, to King Ji and to King Wen. The scribe read the prayer from the tablets, saying: "Your chief descendant, King Fa, is worn with toil and troubled by sickness. If you three kings have in Heaven the charge of a son owed to you, take Dan in place of King Fa's person. Dan is deft and able, of many talents and many arts, and can serve the ghosts and spirits. King Fa is not, like Dan, of many talents and many arts, and cannot serve the ghosts and spirits. But he has received the charge in the court of the Lord, to spread protection over the four quarters, and by it is able to settle your sons and grandsons on the earth below, so that of the people of the four quarters there is none but reveres and fears him. Let not the precious mandate that Heaven sent down be let fall, and our former kings too will have forever a place to rest and return to. Now I will go for the decision to the great tortoise. If you grant me this, I shall take the disc and the baton and go home, to await your command. If you do not grant me this, I shall put away the disc and the baton." When the Duke of Zhou had had the scribe announce on the tablets to the Great King, to King Ji and to King Wen that he wished to take King Wu Fa's place, he then went to the three kings and divined. The diviners all said it was auspicious; they opened the books and looked, and it was indeed auspicious. The Duke of Zhou was glad; he opened the lock, and saw that the writings gave an auspicious answer. The Duke of Zhou went in and congratulated King Wu, saying: "Your Majesty will come to no harm. Dan has newly received the charge of the three kings; it is for a long ending that you should plan. This way of theirs can be mindful of the One Man." The Duke of Zhou stored the tablets in the metal-bound coffer, and warned the keeper not to dare speak of it. The next day King Wu was better.
Afterwards, when King Wu had died and King Cheng was young and still in swaddling-clothes, the Duke of Zhou feared that the empire, hearing that King Wu was dead, would revolt; so the Duke of Zhou mounted the eastern steps in King Cheng's stead and acted as regent in the government and took the state in hand. Guanshu and his group of younger brothers spread a rumour in the state, saying: "The Duke of Zhou will do no good to King Cheng." The Duke of Zhou then said to Taigong Wang and to Shi the Duke of Shao: "My reason for not standing aside but acting as regent in the government is that I fear the empire will revolt from Zhou, and I should have nothing to report to our former kings the Great King, King Ji and King Wen. The three kings toiled and laboured over the empire for a long while, and only now has it come to completion. King Wu died early and King Cheng is young, and it is for the completing of Zhou that I do as I do." And so in the end he assisted King Cheng, and sent his own son Boqin to go in his stead and take up the fief in Lu. The Duke of Zhou admonished Boqin, saying: "I am a son of King Wen, a younger brother of King Wu and an uncle of King Cheng; in the empire I am of no low standing. Yet at one washing of my hair I thrice gathered it up, and at one meal I thrice spat out my food, and rose to attend upon men of worth — and still I feared to lose the worthy men of the empire. When you go to Lu, take care not to be arrogant with men because you have a state."
Guan, Cai, Wugeng and the rest did in fact lead the Huai Yi in revolt. The Duke of Zhou then, bearing King Cheng's command, raised an army and attacked eastward, and composed the Great Announcement. He then put Guanshu to death, killed Wugeng and banished Caishu. He gathered the remaining people of Yin, and with them enfeoffed Kangshu in Wei and Weizi in Song, so as to keep up the sacrifices of Yin. He pacified the Huai Yi and the eastern lands, and in two years all was settled. The feudal lords all submitted to the Zhou ancestral house.
Heaven sent down blessing and good fortune: Tangshu obtained a stalk of grain with two stems and a single ear, and presented it to King Cheng; and King Cheng ordered Tangshu to present it to the Duke of Zhou in the eastern lands, and composed "Presenting the Grain." The Duke of Zhou, having received the grain of the mandate, praised the Son of Heaven's command and composed "The Fine Grain." The eastern lands being now gathered in, the Duke of Zhou went home and reported to King Cheng, and made a poem and gave it to the king, and named it "The Owl." And the king still did not dare to reprove the Duke of Zhou.
On the day yiwei of the second month of King Cheng's seventh year, the king went on foot in the morning from Zhou and came to Feng, and sent the Grand Protector, the Duke of Shao, ahead of him to Luo to examine the ground. In the third month the Duke of Zhou went to lay out the city of Chengzhou at Luo; he divined about dwelling there, and it was auspicious, and so he made it the seat of the state.
King Cheng grew up and was able to attend to the government. Thereupon the Duke of Zhou gave the government back to King Cheng, and King Cheng came to the court. When the Duke of Zhou governed in King Cheng's stead, he faced south with his back to the screen to give audience to the feudal lords; and after the seven years, when he gave the government back to King Cheng, he faced north and took his place among the ministers, bowed and reverent as though in awe.
Earlier, when King Cheng was young and fell ill, the Duke of Zhou cut his own nails and sank them in the He, praying to the spirits and saying: "The king is young and has no understanding; the one who has offended against the spirits' charge is Dan." And he stored these tablets too in the archives. King Cheng's illness mended. When King Cheng was managing affairs, someone slandered the Duke of Zhou, and the Duke of Zhou fled to Chu. King Cheng opened the archives and saw the Duke of Zhou's prayer-tablets, and wept, and brought the Duke of Zhou back.
The Duke of Zhou came home, and fearing that when King Cheng grew to manhood his government might fall into licence and idleness, he composed "The Many Officers" and "Against Ease." "Against Ease" declares: "To be a father and mother to men, and to have built up an inheritance that is to last very long — and for the sons and grandsons in arrogance and extravagance to forget it and so lose their house: can a man who is a son not be careful? Therefore of old there was Zhongzong, king of Yin, who was stern, respectful, reverent and in awe of Heaven's charge, who measured himself in governing the people, and trembling dared not be idle and at ease; and so Zhongzong enjoyed the state seventy-five years. There was Gaozong, who long toiled abroad and was among the common people; and when he took the throne he kept the mourning silence and for three years did not speak, and when he spoke all were glad; he dared not be idle and at ease, and he brought the state of Yin to quiet and peace, so that among great and small there was no resentment; and so Gaozong enjoyed the state fifty-five years. There was Zujia, who held it unrighteous to be king and long lived as a common man abroad, and knew what the common people rely on, and could protect and be generous to the small people and did not insult the widower and the widow; and so Zujia enjoyed the state thirty-three years." "The Many Officers" declares: "From Tang down to the Lord Yi, there was none who did not carry out the sacrifices and make his power bright, and no lord who was not the counterpart of Heaven. But now the successor king Zhou has been vast in his licence and idleness, and has not regarded Heaven or the people's compliance. His people may all be put to death." And: "King Wen from dawn till the sun's decline had no leisure to eat, and enjoyed the state fifty years." He composed these to admonish King Cheng.
King Cheng was at Feng; the empire was already at peace, but the offices and government of Zhou were not yet in their order; and so the Duke of Zhou composed "The Offices of Zhou," distinguishing the offices by what suited them, and composed "The Establishment of Government," for the convenience of the hundred families. The hundred families were pleased.
The Duke of Zhou was at Feng and fell ill, and being about to die he said: "You must bury me at Chengzhou, to make plain that I do not dare to leave King Cheng." When the Duke of Zhou had died, King Cheng too yielded, and buried the Duke of Zhou at Bi, next to King Wen, to make plain that he, the little child, did not dare treat the Duke of Zhou as a subject.
After the Duke of Zhou died, in the autumn before the harvest there was a violent wind and thunder; the grain was all beaten flat and the great trees all torn up. The state of Zhou was in great terror. King Cheng with the grandees, in court robes, opened the metal-bound coffer's writings, and the king thus came upon the account of how the Duke of Zhou had made himself the substitute for King Wu. The two dukes and the king then questioned the scribes and the hundred officers, and the scribes and the hundred officers said: "It is true; of old the Duke of Zhou charged us not to dare speak of it." King Cheng held the writing and wept, saying: "From now on let there be no reverent divining! Of old the Duke of Zhou toiled for the royal house, and I, being a child, did not know of it. Now Heaven has stirred up its terrors to make plain the Duke of Zhou's power, and I, the little child, will go to meet him; it is what the rites of our state and house require." The king went out to the suburb, and Heaven then rained and turned the wind about, and the grain all stood up again. The two dukes ordered the men of the state to raise up and prop every great tree that had been laid flat. That year the harvest was very great. Thereupon King Cheng ordered that Lu might perform the suburban sacrifice to King Wen. That Lu has the rites and music of the Son of Heaven is in honour of the Duke of Zhou's power.
When the Duke of Zhou died, his son Boqin had of course already received the fief before him: this was the Duke of Lu. When the Duke of Lu, Boqin, first received his fief and went to Lu, it was three years before he reported on his government to the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou said: "Why so slow?" Boqin said: "I have been changing their customs and reforming their rites, and mourning is not put off until the three years are done; that is why it was slow." The Grand Duke too had been enfeoffed in Qi, and in five months reported on his government to the Duke of Zhou. The Duke of Zhou said: "Why so quick?" He said: "I simplified the rites between lord and minister, and did as their customs did." And afterwards, hearing that Boqin's report on his government had been slow, he sighed and said: "Alas, the later ages of Lu will face north and serve Qi! If government is not simple and easy, the people will not draw near; if it is level and easy and near to the people, the people will surely give their allegiance to it."
After Boqin came to his place, Guan, Cai and the rest revolted, and the Huai Yi and the Xu Rong also rose in revolt together. Thereupon Boqin led an army and attacked them at Bi, and composed the Oath at Bi, saying: "Set out your armour and helmets, and let none dare have them other than good. Let none dare damage the pens. Should horses and cattle run loose, or bondmen and bondwomen abscond, do not dare leave your ranks to chase them, but return them with respect. Let none dare to rob or seize, or climb over walls and fences. Men of Lu of the three suburbs and the three districts: lay in your fodder and hay, your provisions, your posts and planks, and let none dare fall short. On the day jiaxu I shall build works and campaign against the Xu Rong; let none dare fail to be there, on pain of the great punishment." He composed this Oath at Bi, and so pacified the Xu Rong and settled Lu.
The Duke of Lu, Boqin, died, and his son Duke Kao, Qiu, was set up. Duke Kao died in his fourth year, and his younger brother Xi was set up: this was Duke Yang. Duke Yang built the Maoque Gate. He died in the sixth year, and his son Duke You, Zai, was set up. The fourteenth year of Duke You. Duke You's younger brother Fei killed Duke You and set himself up: this was Duke Wei. Duke Wei died in his fiftieth year, and his son Duke Li, Zhuo, was set up. Duke Li died in his thirty-seventh year, and the men of Lu set up his younger brother Ju: this was Duke Xian. Duke Xian died in his thirty-second year, and his son Duke Zhen, Bi, was set up.
In Duke Zhen's fourteenth year, King Li of Zhou was without the Way and fled out to Zhi, and the Gonghe carried on the government. In the twenty-ninth year King Xuan of Zhou came to the throne.
In the thirtieth year Duke Zhen died, and his younger brother Ao was set up: this was Duke Wu.
In the spring of Duke Wu's ninth year, Duke Wu with his elder son Kuo and his younger son Xi went west to pay court to King Xuan of Zhou. King Xuan was fond of Xi and wished to set up Xi as heir apparent of Lu. Fan Zhongshanfu of Zhou remonstrated with King Xuan, saying: "To set aside the elder and set up the younger is not compliant; being not compliant, it will surely go against the royal command; going against the royal command, he must be punished. Therefore in issuing commands one cannot but be compliant. If a command is not carried out, government is not established; if it is carried out but is not compliant, the people will cast off those above them. For inferiors to serve superiors and the young to serve the elder is what makes compliance. Now the Son of Heaven in setting up a feudal lord sets up the younger: this is teaching the people to be contrary. If Lu follows it and the feudal lords take it for their model, the royal command will come to be obstructed; and if Lu does not follow it and you punish them, that is punishing your own royal command. To punish is a fault and not to punish is a fault; let Your Majesty consider it." King Xuan would not listen, and in the end set up Xi as heir apparent of Lu. In the summer Duke Wu went home and died, and Xi was set up: this was Duke Yi.
In Duke Yi's ninth year, Boyu, the son of Duke Yi's elder brother Kuo, with the men of Lu attacked and killed Duke Yi, and Boyu was set up as lord. Boyu had been in his place eleven years when King Xuan of Zhou attacked Lu and killed its lord Boyu, and asked which of the princes of Lu could guide and keep the feudal lords compliant, to be made successor in Lu. Fan Muzhong said: "Cheng, the younger brother of Duke Yi of Lu, is grave and reverent toward the bright spirits and respectful in serving the aged; in apportioning duties and carrying out punishments he always asks of the surviving instructions and consults what is established; he does not go against what he has asked, nor transgress what he has consulted." King Xuan said: "So; he can instruct and govern his people." And so he set up Cheng in the Yi Temple: this was Duke Xiao. From this time on, the feudal lords for the most part revolted against the royal commands.
In Duke Xiao's twenty-fifth year the feudal lords revolted from Zhou, and the Quanrong killed King You. Qin was for the first time ranked among the feudal lords.
In the twenty-seventh year Duke Xiao died, and his son Fuhuang was set up: this was Duke Hui.
In Duke Hui's thirtieth year the men of Jin killed their lord Marquis Zhao. In the forty-fifth year the men of Jin again killed their lord Marquis Xiao.
In the forty-sixth year Duke Hui died, and his eldest son by a concubine, Xi, acted as regent and took the state in hand and carried out the lord's business: this was Duke Yin. Earlier, Duke Hui's principal consort had no son, and the duke's low-born concubine Sheng Zi bore a son, Xi. When Xi grew up, a wife was taken for him from Song. The woman of Song arrived and was beautiful, and Duke Hui took her and made her his own wife. She bore a son, Yun. He raised the woman of Song to be his consort and made Yun heir apparent. When Duke Hui died, because Yun was young the men of Lu together had Xi act as regent, and he was not said to have taken the throne.
In Duke Yin's fifth year, he watched the fishing at Tang. In the eighth year he exchanged with Zheng the Son of Heaven's town of Fang at Mount Tai, and the fields of Xu; and the gentlemen derided it.
In the winter of the eleventh year Prince Hui fawningly said to Duke Yin: "The hundred families find you convenient; let my lord go on and take the throne. I ask leave to kill Prince Yun for my lord, and let my lord make me his chancellor." Duke Yin said: "There is the former lord's charge. Because Yun was young I have been regent in his stead. Now Yun is grown, and I am just laying out the ground at Tuqiu to grow old there, and shall hand over the government to Prince Yun." Hui, fearing that Prince Yun would hear of it and turn and put him to death, then went and slandered Duke Yin to Prince Yun, saying: "Duke Yin means to go on and take the throne and to remove you; consider it, sir. Let me kill Duke Yin for you." Prince Yun consented. In the eleventh month Duke Yin sacrificed to Zhongwu, purified himself at the garden of the altar, and lodged at the house of the Wei family. Hui sent men to kill Duke Yin at the Wei house, and set up Prince Yun as lord: this was Duke Huan.
In Duke Huan's first year, Zheng with a jade disc exchanged for the Son of Heaven's fields of Xu. In the second year the tripod that Song had given as a bribe was brought into the Grand Temple, and the gentlemen derided it.
In the third year he sent Hui to fetch a wife from Qi as his consort. In the sixth year the consort bore a son on the same day as Duke Huan, and so he was named Tong. When Tong grew up he was made heir apparent.
In the sixteenth year there was an assembly at Cao, and they attacked Zheng and brought in Duke Li.
In the spring of the eighteenth year the duke was about to make a journey, and so went with his consort to Qi. Shen Xu remonstrated to stop him, and the duke would not listen, and went to Qi. Duke Xiang of Qi had an intrigue with Duke Huan's consort. The duke was angry with his consort, and the consort told the marquis of Qi. On the day bingzi of the fourth month of summer, Duke Xiang of Qi feasted the duke; the duke was drunk, and he had Prince Peng Sheng take up the duke of Lu in his arms, and then ordered Peng Sheng to break his ribs, and the duke died in the carriage. The men of Lu made announcement to Qi, saying: "Our unworthy lord, in awe of your lordship's majesty, dared not rest at home, but came to renew good relations by the rites. The rites were completed and he has not returned; there is nowhere to lay the blame. We ask to have Peng Sheng, to remove this shame from among the feudal lords." The men of Qi killed Peng Sheng to satisfy Lu. They set up the heir apparent Tong: this was Duke Zhuang. Duke Zhuang's mother, the consort, accordingly stayed on in Qi and did not dare go back to Lu.
In the winter of Duke Zhuang's fifth year, he attacked Wei and brought in Duke Hui of Wei.
In the eighth year Prince Jiu of Qi came as a fugitive. In the ninth year Lu wished to bring Prince Jiu into Qi, but was behind Duke Huan; Duke Huan sent out troops and struck at Lu, and Lu being hard pressed killed Prince Jiu. Shao Hu died. Qi told Lu to deliver Guan Zhong alive. Shi Bo of Lu said: "Qi wants to get Guan Zhong not to kill him but to employ him; and if they employ him he will be a trouble to Lu. Better to kill him and give them his body." Duke Zhuang would not listen, and so put Guan Zhong in bonds and gave him to Qi. The men of Qi made Guan Zhong their chancellor.
In the thirteenth year Duke Zhuang of Lu and Cao Mo met Duke Huan of Qi at Ke; Cao Mo seized Duke Huan of Qi and demanded the lands taken from Lu, and when the covenant was made he released Duke Huan. Duke Huan wished to go back on the agreement, and Guan Zhong remonstrated, and in the end the lands taken from Lu were returned. In the fifteenth year Duke Huan of Qi first became hegemon. In the twenty-third year Duke Zhuang went to Qi to watch the altar festival.
The thirty-second year. Earlier, Duke Zhuang had built a terrace overlooking the Dang family's house, and saw the girl Meng, and was pleased with her and loved her, and promised to set her up as his consort, and cut his arm to swear it. The girl Meng bore a son, Ban. When Ban grew up he was taken with a daughter of the Liang family, and went to look at her. The groom Luo from outside the wall made sport with the Liang girl. Ban was angry and flogged Luo. Duke Zhuang heard of it and said: "Luo is a strong man; you should have killed him outright, for he is not one to be flogged and let go." Ban had not managed to kill him. It happened that Duke Zhuang fell ill. Duke Zhuang had three younger brothers: the eldest was called Qingfu, the next Shuya, the next Jiyou. Duke Zhuang had taken a woman of Qi as his consort, called Ai Jiang. Ai Jiang had no son. Ai Jiang's younger sister was called Shu Jiang, and bore a son, Kai. Duke Zhuang had no heir by his principal consort, and loved the girl Meng and wished to set up her son Ban. Duke Zhuang, being ill, asked his brother Shuya about the succession. Shuya said: "One succeeds from father to son, one from elder brother to younger: this is the constant rule in Lu. Qingfu is there and may be made successor; why should my lord be troubled?" Duke Zhuang was uneasy that Shuya wished to set up Qingfu, and withdrew and asked Jiyou. Jiyou said: "I ask leave to set up Ban at the cost of my life." Duke Zhuang said: "A while ago Shuya wished to set up Qingfu; what of that?" Jiyou, on Duke Zhuang's authority, ordered Shuya to wait at the house of Zhen Wu, and had Zhen Ji force him to drink poison, saying: "Drink this and you will have posterity to keep up your sacrifices; if not, you die and will have no posterity." Ya thereupon drank the poison and died, and Lu set up his son as the Shusun family. On the day guihai of the eighth month Duke Zhuang died, and Jiyou did in the end set up Prince Ban as lord, according to Duke Zhuang's charge. While attending the mourning, Ban lodged at the Dang family's house.
Before this, Qingfu had been having an intrigue with Ai Jiang, and wished to set up Kai, the son of Ai Jiang's younger sister. When Duke Zhuang died and Jiyou set up Ban, then on the day jiwei of the tenth month Qingfu had the groom Luo kill Prince Ban of Lu at the Dang family's house. Jiyou fled to Chen. Qingfu in the end set up Duke Zhuang's son Kai: this was Duke Min.
In Duke Min's second year, the intrigue between Qingfu and Ai Jiang grew still worse. Ai Jiang plotted with Qingfu to kill Duke Min and set up Qingfu. Qingfu had Bu Yi make a surprise attack and kill Duke Min at the Wu gate-passage. Jiyou heard of it, and from Chen went with Duke Min's younger brother Shen to Zhu, and asked Lu to bring them in. The men of Lu wished to put Qingfu to death. Qingfu was afraid and fled to Ju. Thereupon Jiyou brought in Prince Shen and set him up: this was Duke Xi. Duke Xi too was a younger son of Duke Zhuang. Ai Jiang was afraid and fled to Zhu. Jiyou went to Ju with bribes and asked for Qingfu; Qingfu came back, and he sent men to kill Qingfu. Qingfu asked to be allowed to flee, and was not heeded; so he sent the grandee Xi Si to go to him wailing. Qingfu heard Xi Si's voice, and killed himself. Duke Huan of Qi, hearing that Ai Jiang and Qingfu had made disorder and endangered Lu, summoned her from Zhu and killed her, and brought her body back and exposed it in Lu. Duke Xi of Lu petitioned for her and buried her.
Jiyou's mother was a woman of Chen, and so he took refuge in Chen, and Chen for that reason helped to send back Jiyou and Prince Shen. When Jiyou was about to be born, his father Duke Huan of Lu had a man divine about him, and the answer was: "It is a boy; his name shall be 'You'; he shall stand between the two altars as a support to the ducal house. If Jiyou perishes, then Lu will not prosper." When he was born there was a mark on his palm reading "You," and so he was named from it and styled Chengji. His posterity became the Ji family, and Qingfu's posterity the Meng family.
In Duke Xi's first year, he enfeoffed Jiyou with Bi in Wenyang. Jiyou became chancellor.
In the ninth year Li Ke of Jin killed his lords Xiqi and Zhuozi. Duke Huan of Qi led Duke Xi to deal with the disorder in Jin; they came as far as Gaoliang and turned back, and set up Duke Hui of Jin. In the seventeenth year Duke Huan of Qi died. In the twenty-fourth year Duke Wen of Jin came to the throne.
In the thirty-third year Duke Xi died, and his son Xing was set up: this was Duke Wen.
In Duke Wen's first year, the heir apparent Shangchen of Chu killed his father King Cheng and took his place. In the third year Duke Wen paid court to Duke Xiang of Jin.
On the day jiawu of the tenth month of the eleventh year, Lu defeated the Di at Xian and took the Tall Di Qiaoru; Fufu Zhongsheng pounded his throat and killed him with a dagger-axe, and buried his head at the Ziju gate, and from it named Xuanbo.
Earlier, in the time of Duke Wu of Song, the Souman attacked Song, and the Minister of Instruction Huangfu led an army to hold them off, and defeated the Di at Changqiu and took the Tall Di Yuansi. When Jin destroyed Lu (潞), it took Qiaoru's younger brother Fenru. In Duke Hui of Qi's second year, the Souman attacked Qi, and Prince Chengfu of Qi took their younger brother Rongru and buried his head at the northern gate. The men of Wei took the youngest brother, Jianru. The Souman from this were destroyed.
In the fifteenth year Ji Wenzi went as envoy to Jin.
In the second month of the eighteenth year Duke Wen died. Duke Wen had two consorts: the senior consort, a woman of Qi, was Ai Jiang, and bore sons E and Shi; the junior consort, Jing Ying, was the favourite, and bore a son, Tui. Tui privately attached himself to Xiangzhong, and Xiangzhong wished to set him up; Shuzhong said it could not be. Xiangzhong petitioned Duke Hui of Qi; Duke Hui was newly set up and wished to be on close terms with Lu, and consented to it. In the tenth month of winter Xiangzhong killed the sons E and Shi and set up Tui: this was Duke Xuan. Ai Jiang went home to Qi, and as she passed through the market she wept, saying: "O Heaven! Xiangzhong has acted without the Way, killing the rightful heir and setting up the son of a concubine!" The people of the market all wept, and the men of Lu called her "Ai Jiang," the Grieving Jiang. From this Lu's ducal house was lowly and the Three Huan strong.
In the twelfth year of Duke Xuan, Tui, King Zhuang of Chu was strong and besieged Zheng. The earl of Zheng surrendered, and he restored him to his state.
In the eighteenth year Duke Xuan died, and his son Duke Cheng, Heigong, was set up: this was Duke Cheng. Ji Wenzi said: "The man who made us kill the rightful heir and set up the son of a concubine, and so lose our great support, was Xiangzhong." Xiangzhong had set up Duke Xuan, and Gongsun Guifu was in favour. Duke Xuan wished to get rid of the Three Huan, and plotted with Jin to attack the Three Huan. It happened that Duke Xuan died; Ji Wenzi bore a grudge for it, and Guifu fled to Qi.
In the spring of Duke Cheng's second year, Qi attacked and took our Long. In the summer the duke with Xi Ke of Jin defeated Duke Qing of Qi at An, and Qi gave back the lands it had taken from us. In the fourth year Duke Cheng went to Jin, and Duke Jing of Jin was disrespectful to Lu. Lu wished to turn its back on Jin and join with Chu; someone remonstrated, and so it was not done. In the tenth year Duke Cheng went to Jin. Duke Jing of Jin died, and they accordingly detained Duke Cheng to escort the burial, and Lu held it a thing not to be spoken of. In the fifteenth year he first met King Shoumeng of Wu at Zhongli.
In the sixteenth year Xuanbo informed Jin, wishing to have Ji Wenzi put to death. Wenzi had righteousness on his side, and the men of Jin would not allow it.
In the eighteenth year Duke Cheng died, and his son Wu was set up: this was Duke Xiang. At this time Duke Xiang was three years old.
In Duke Xiang's first year, Jin set up Duke Dao. In the winter of the year before, Luan Shu of Jin had killed his lord Duke Li. In the fourth year Duke Xiang paid court to Jin.
In the fifth year Ji Wenzi died. In his house there was no concubine clothed in silk, in his stables no horse fed on grain, in his stores no gold or jade; and he had been chancellor to three lords. The gentlemen said: "Ji Wenzi was upright and loyal."
In the ninth year he joined Jin in attacking Zheng. Duke Dao of Jin capped Duke Xiang in Wei, and Ji Wuzi attended him and assisted at the ceremony.
In the eleventh year the Three Huan divided into three armies.
In the twelfth year he paid court to Jin. In the sixteenth year Duke Ping of Jin came to the throne. In the twenty-first year he paid court to Duke Ping of Jin.
In the twenty-second year Confucius was born.
In the twenty-fifth year Cui Zhu of Qi killed his lord Duke Zhuang, and set up his younger brother Duke Jing.
In the twenty-ninth year Jizi of Yanling of Wu came as envoy to Lu and asked about the music of Zhou; he understood its meaning throughout, and the men of Lu revered him.
In the sixth month of the thirty-first year Duke Xiang died. In the ninth month of that year the heir apparent died. The men of Lu set up Chou, the son of Qi Gui, as lord: this was Duke Zhao.
Duke Zhao was nineteen years old and still had a child's heart. Mushu did not wish to set him up, and said: "The heir apparent is dead; if there is a full brother he may be set up, and if not then the eldest. If the ages are equal, choose the worthiest; if their righteousness is equal, then divine about it. Now Chou is not the rightful heir, and further, in his mourning his mind is not on his grief and he wears a look of pleasure. If he is indeed set up, he will surely be a trouble to the Ji family." Ji Wuzi would not listen, and set him up after all. By the time of the burial he had three times changed his mourning garb. The gentlemen said: "This one will come to no good end."
In Duke Zhao's third year he paid court to Jin, and came as far as the He; Duke Ping of Jin declined and sent him back, and Lu felt the shame of it. In the fourth year King Ling of Chu assembled the feudal lords at Shen, and Duke Zhao pleaded illness and did not go. In the seventh year Ji Wuzi died. In the eighth year King Ling of Chu completed the Zhanghua Terrace and summoned Duke Zhao. Duke Zhao went to offer congratulations, and was given a precious vessel; afterwards the king repented and got it back again by a trick. In the twelfth year he paid court to Jin and came as far as the He; Duke Ping of Jin declined and sent him back. In the thirteenth year Prince Qiji of Chu killed his lord King Ling and took his place. In the fifteenth year he paid court to Jin, and Jin detained him to bury Duke Zhao of Jin, and Lu felt the shame of it. In the twentieth year Duke Jing of Qi with Yanzi hunted on the border, and thereupon came into Lu to ask about the rites. In the twenty-first year he paid court to Jin and came as far as the He, and Jin declined and sent him back.
In the spring of the twenty-fifth year, mynas came and nested. Shi Ji said: "In the ages of Wen and Cheng there was a children's rhyme: 'Mynas come to nest, the duke is at Ganhou; mynas come to dwell, the duke is out in the wilds.'"
The Ji family and the Hou family had a cock-fight; the Ji put mustard on their cock's feathers and the Hou put metal on its spurs. Ji Pingzi was angry and encroached on the Hou family, and Hou Zhaobo was likewise angry with Pingzi. Hui, the younger brother of Zang Zhaobo, falsely slandered the Zang family and hid with the Ji family, and Zang Zhaobo imprisoned a man of the Ji family. Ji Pingzi was angry and imprisoned a steward of the Zang family. The Zang and Hou families reported their grievance to Duke Zhao. On the day wuxu of the ninth month Duke Zhao attacked the Ji family and got inside. Pingzi went up a terrace and petitioned, saying: "My lord, on a slander and without examining your servant's offence, would punish him; I ask to be removed to the upper Yi." It was not allowed. He asked to be imprisoned at Bi; it was not allowed. He asked to go into exile with five chariots; it was not allowed. Zijia Ju said: "My lord had better allow it. The government has been with the Ji family a long while, and their followers are many; the multitude will take counsel together." He would not listen. The Hou family said: "He must be killed." Li, a retainer of the Shusun family, said to his people: "Which is better for us, that there be no Ji family, or that there be one?" They all said: "No Ji family means no Shusun family." Li said: "Just so — rescue the Ji family!" And so they defeated the duke's forces. Meng Yizi, hearing that the Shusun had won, also killed Hou Zhaobo. Hou Zhaobo had been on a mission for the duke, and so the Meng family were able to get him. The three houses together attacked the duke, and the duke thereupon fled. On jihai the duke reached Qi. Duke Jing of Qi said: "I ask to give my lord a thousand she to live on." Zijia said: "To cast away the Duke of Zhou's inheritance and be a subject in Qi — can that be done?" And so it was stopped. Zijia said: "Duke Jing of Qi is not to be trusted; better go early to Jin." He did not follow this. Shusun came to see the duke and went back and saw Pingzi, and Pingzi bowed his head to the ground. At first they meant to fetch Duke Zhao back, but the Meng and Ji families repented of it, and so it was dropped.
In the spring of the twenty-sixth year Qi attacked Lu and took Yun, and settled Duke Zhao there. In the summer Duke Jing of Qi was about to bring the duke in, and ordered that no bribes from Lu be accepted. Shen Feng and Ru Jia promised Qi's ministers Gao He and Zijiang five thousand yu of grain. Zijiang said to the marquis of Qi: "That the body of ministers cannot serve the lord of Lu — there is something strange in it. Duke Yuan of Song went to Jin for Lu's sake, to seek to have him brought in, and died on the road. Shusun Zhaozi sought to have his lord brought in, and died without illness. I do not know whether Heaven has cast Lu off, or whether the lord of Lu has offended against the ghosts and spirits. I would have my lord wait a while." Duke Jing of Qi followed this.
In the twenty-eighth year Duke Zhao went to Jin and sought to be brought in. Ji Pingzi worked privately on the six ministers of Jin; the six ministers took the Ji family's bribes and remonstrated with the lord of Jin, and the lord of Jin then stopped, and settled Duke Zhao at Ganhou. In the twenty-ninth year Duke Zhao went to Yun. Duke Jing of Qi sent a man to present Duke Zhao with a letter in which he called himself "the ruling lord." Duke Zhao felt the shame of it, and angrily left Ganhou. In the thirty-first year Jin wished to bring Duke Zhao in and summoned Ji Pingzi. Pingzi came in plain clothes and barefoot, and through the six ministers apologized for his offence. The six ministers spoke for him, saying: "Jin wishes to bring in Duke Zhao, but the multitude will not follow." The men of Jin stopped. In the thirty-second year Duke Zhao died at Ganhou. The men of Lu together set up Duke Zhao's younger brother Song as lord: this was Duke Ding.
When Duke Ding was set up, Zhao Jianzi asked Shi Mo: "Will the Ji family perish?" Shi Mo answered: "They will not perish. Jiyou did great service to Lu and received Bi and was made senior minister; and down to Wenzi and Wuzi, generation by generation they added to their inheritance. When Duke Wen of Lu died, Dongmen Sui killed the rightful heir and set up the son of a concubine, and the lord of Lu thereupon lost the government of the state. The government has been with the Ji family, and it is now four lords. The people do not know their lord; how should he keep the state? Therefore let a lord be careful of the vessels and the titles, which may not be lent to others."
In Duke Ding's fifth year Ji Pingzi died. Yang Hu out of private anger imprisoned Ji Huanzi, made a covenant with him, and then let him go. In the seventh year Qi attacked us and took Yun, and made it Yang Hu of Lu's town, from which he carried on the government. In the eighth year Yang Hu wished to kill all the rightful heirs of the Three Huan and to set up instead the sons by concubines whom he favoured; he carried Ji Huanzi off meaning to kill him, and Huanzi by a trick got away. The Three Huan together attacked Yang Hu, and Yang Hu took up his station at Yangguan. In the ninth year Lu attacked Yang Hu, and Yang Hu fled to Qi, and afterwards fled to the Zhao family in Jin.
In the tenth year Duke Ding met Duke Jing of Qi at Jiagu, and Confucius carried out the duties of chancellor. Qi wished to make a surprise attack on the lord of Lu; Confucius, going up the steps by the rites, had the licentious music of Qi punished, and the marquis of Qi was afraid and desisted, and gave back the lands taken from Lu and apologized for the fault. In the twelfth year he sent Zhong You to pull down the walls of the Three Huan and take in their armour and weapons. The Meng family would not pull down their walls, and he attacked them and did not prevail, and stopped. Ji Huanzi received the women musicians of Qi, and Confucius left.
In the fifteenth year Duke Ding died, and his son Jiang was set up: this was Duke Ai.
In Duke Ai's fifth year Duke Jing of Qi died. In the sixth year Tian Qi of Qi killed his lord the Young Ruler.
In the seventh year King Fuchai of Wu was strong, and attacked Qi and came to Zeng, and demanded a hundred sets of victims from Lu. Ji Kangzi sent Zigong to argue with the king of Wu and the Grand Steward Pi, and by the rites brought them down. The king of Wu said: "I am tattooed; I am not to be held to the rites." And so it was stopped.
In the eighth year Wu for the sake of Zou attacked Lu, came to below the walls, made a covenant and went away. Qi attacked us and took three towns. In the tenth year we attacked the southern border of Qi. In the eleventh year Qi attacked Lu. The Ji family employed Ran You, who did good service, and thought of Confucius; and Confucius came home to Lu from Wei.
In the fourteenth year Tian Chang of Qi killed his lord Duke Jian at Xuzhou. Confucius asked that they attack Qi, and Duke Ai would not listen. In the fifteenth year he sent Zifu Jingbo and Zigong as assistant envoys to Qi, and Qi gave back the lands it had taken from us. Tian Chang, newly become chancellor, wished to be on close terms with the feudal lords.
In the sixteenth year Confucius died.
In the twenty-second year King Goujian of Yue destroyed King Fuchai of Wu.
In the spring of the twenty-seventh year Ji Kangzi died. In the summer Duke Ai was troubled by the Three Huan, and wished to use the feudal lords to coerce them; and the Three Huan too were troubled lest the duke raise a disturbance, and so between lord and ministers there was much estrangement. The duke was travelling at Lingban and met Meng Wubo in the street, and said: "May I ask, shall I reach a natural death?" He answered: "I do not know." The duke wished to use Yue to attack the Three Huan. In the eighth month Duke Ai went to the Xing family. The Three Huan attacked the duke, and the duke fled to Wei, then left and went to Zou, and then went to Yue. The people of the state fetched Duke Ai and brought him back, and he died at the house of the Youshan family. His son Ning was set up: this was Duke Dao.
In Duke Dao's time the Three Huan prevailed, and Lu was like a petty lordship, lower than the houses of the Three Huan.
In the thirteenth year the three houses of Jin destroyed the Earl of Zhi and divided his land among them.
In the thirty-seventh year Duke Dao died, and his son Jia was set up: this was Duke Yuan. Duke Yuan died in his twenty-first year, and his son Xian was set up: this was Duke Mu. Duke Mu died in his thirty-third year, and his son Fen was set up: this was Duke Gong. Duke Gong died in his twenty-second year, and his son Tun was set up: this was Duke Kang. Duke Kang died in his ninth year, and his son Yan was set up: this was Duke Jing. Duke Jing died in his twenty-ninth year, and his son Shu was set up: this was Duke Ping. At this time the six states all called themselves kings.
In Duke Ping's twelfth year King Hui of Qin died. In the twentieth year Duke Ping died, and his son Jia was set up: this was Duke Wen. In Duke Wen's first year King Huai of Chu died in Qin. In the twenty-third year Duke Wen died, and his son Chou was set up: this was Duke Qing.
In Duke Qing's second year Qin took Ying of Chu, and King Qing of Chu moved east to Chen. In the nineteenth year Chu attacked us and took Xuzhou. In the twenty-fourth year King Kaolie of Chu attacked and destroyed Lu. Duke Qing fled and was removed to a lesser town and became a commoner, and Lu's sacrifices were cut off. Duke Qing died at Ke.
From the Duke of Zhou down to Duke Qing, Lu ran to thirty-four generations in all.
The Lord Grand Astrologer says: I have heard that Confucius declared, "How far gone is the decay of the way of Lu! Between the Zhu and the Si they wrangle and dispute." Looking at the time of Qingfu and Shuya and Duke Min, how disorderly it was! And the affair of Yin and Huan; and Xiangzhong killing the rightful heir and setting up the son of a concubine; and the three houses facing north as subjects and yet in person attacking Duke Zhao, so that Duke Zhao had to flee. As for the rites of bowing and yielding, they followed them; but in the doing of things, how contrary they were!