第一百二回

第一百二回 司马懿占北原渭桥 诸葛亮造木牛流马

却说谯周官居太史，颇明天文，见孔明又欲出师，乃奏后主曰：“臣今职掌司天台，但有祸福，不可不奏。近有群鸟数万，自南飞来，投于汉水而死，此不祥之兆，臣又观天象，见奎星躔于太白之分，盛气在北，不利伐魏，又成都人民，皆闻柏树夜哭，有此数般灾异，丞相只宜谨守，不可妄动。”孔明曰：“吾受先帝托孤之重，当竭力讨贼，岂可以虚妄之灾氛，而废国家大事耶！”遂命有司设太牢祭于昭烈之庙，涕泣拜告曰：“臣亮五出祁山，未得寸土，负罪非轻！今臣复统全师，再出祁山，誓竭力尽心，剿灭汉贼，恢复中原，鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已！”祭毕，拜辞后主，星夜至汉中，聚集诸将，商议出师。忽报关兴病亡，孔明放声大哭，昏倒于地，半晌方苏。众将再三劝解，孔明叹曰：“可怜忠义之人，天不与以寿！我今番出师，又少一员大将也！”后人有诗叹曰：

生死人常理，蜉蝣一样空。但存忠孝节，何必寿乔松。

孔明引蜀兵三十四万，分五路而进，令姜维、魏延为先锋，皆出祁山取齐，令李恢先运粮草于斜谷道口伺候。

却说魏国因旧岁有青龙自摩坡井内而出，改为青龙元年，此时乃青龙二年春二月也，近臣奏曰：“边官飞报蜀兵三十馀万，分五路复出祁山。”魏主曹睿大惊，急召司马懿至，谓曰：“蜀人三年不曾入寇，今诸葛亮又出祁山，如之奈何？”懿奏曰：“臣夜观天象，见中原旺气正盛，奎星犯太白，不利于西川。今孔明自负才智，逆天而行，乃自取败亡也。臣托陛下洪福，当往破之，但愿保四人同去。”睿曰：“卿保何人？”懿曰：“夏侯渊有四子：长名霸，字仲权；次名威，字季权；三名惠，字稚权；四名和，字义权。霸、威二人，弓马熟娴；惠、和二人，谙知韬略。此四人常欲为父报仇。臣今保夏侯霸、夏侯威为左右先锋，夏侯惠、夏侯和为行军司马，共赞军机，以退蜀兵。”睿曰：“向者夏侯楙驸马违误军机，失陷了许多人马，至今羞惭不回。今此四人，亦与楙同否？”懿曰：“此四人非夏侯楙所可比也。”睿乃从其请，即命司马懿为大都督，凡将士悉听量才委用，各处兵马皆听调遣。懿受命，辞朝出城。睿又以手诏赐懿曰：

卿到渭滨，宜坚壁固守，勿与交锋。蜀兵不得志，必诈退诱敌，卿慎勿追。待彼粮尽，必将自走，然后乘虚攻之，则取胜不难，亦免军马疲劳之苦。计莫善于此也。

司马懿顿首受诏，即日到长安，聚集各处军马共四十万，皆来渭滨下寨；又拨五万军，于渭水上搭起九座浮桥，令先锋夏侯霸、夏侯威过渭水安营；又于大营之后东原，筑起一城，以防不虞。懿正与众将商议间，忽报郭淮、孙礼来见。懿迎入，礼毕，淮曰：“今蜀兵现在祁山，倘跨渭登原，接连北山，阻绝陇道，大可虞也。”懿曰：“所言甚善。公可就总督陇西军马，据北原下寨，深沟高垒，按兵休动。只待彼兵粮尽，方可攻之。”郭淮、孙礼领命，引兵下寨去了。

却说孔明复出祁山，下五个大寨，按左、右、中、前、后。自斜谷直至剑阁，一连又下十四个大寨，分屯军马，以为久计。每日令人巡哨。忽报郭淮、孙礼领陇西之兵于北原下寨，孔明谓诸将曰：“魏兵于北原安营者，惧吾取此路，阻绝陇道也。吾今虚攻北原，却暗取渭滨。令人扎木筏百馀只，上载草把，选惯熟水手五千人驾之。我夤夜只攻北原，司马懿必引兵来救。彼若少败，我把后军先渡过岸去，然后把前军下于筏中，休要上岸，顺水取浮桥放火烧断，以攻其后。吾自引一军去取前营之门。若得渭水之南，则进兵不难矣。”诸将遵令而行。早有巡哨军飞报司马懿。懿唤诸将议曰：“孔明如此设施，其中有计：彼以取北原为名，顺水来烧浮桥，乱吾后，却攻吾前也。”即传令与夏侯霸、夏侯威曰：“若听得北原发喊，便提兵于渭水南山之中，待蜀兵至击之。”又令张虎、乐，引二千弓弩手伏于渭水浮桥北岸：“若蜀兵乘木筏顺水而来，可一齐射之，休令近桥。”又传令郭淮、孙礼曰：“孔明来北原暗渡渭水，汝新立之营，人马不多，可尽伏于半路。若蜀兵于午后渡水，黄昏时分，必来攻汝。汝诈败而走，蜀兵必追，汝等皆以弓弩射之。吾水陆并进。若蜀兵大至，只看吾指挥而击之。”各处下令已毕，又令二子司马师、司马昭，引兵救应前营，懿自引一军救北原。

却说孔明令魏延、马岱引兵渡渭水攻北原；令吴班、吴懿引木筏兵去烧浮桥；令王平、张嶷为前队，姜维、马忠为中队，廖化、张翼为后队：兵分三路，去攻渭水旱营。是日午时，人马离大寨，尽渡渭水，列成阵势，缓缓而行。却说魏延、马岱将近北原，天色已昏。孙礼哨见，便弃营而走。魏延知有准备，急退军时，四下喊声大震，左有司马懿，右有郭淮，两路兵杀来。魏延、马岱奋力杀出，蜀兵多半落于水中，馀众奔逃无路。幸得吴懿兵杀来，救了败兵过岸拒住。吴班分一半兵撑筏顺水来烧浮桥，却被张虎、乐在岸上乱箭射住。吴班中箭，落水而死。馀军跳水逃命，木筏尽被魏兵夺去。此时王平、张嶷，不知北原兵败，直奔到魏营，已有二更天气，只听得喊声四起。王平谓张嶷曰：“军马攻打北原，未知胜负。渭南之寨，现在面前，如何不见一个魏兵？莫非司马懿知道了，先作准备也？我等且看浮桥火起，方可进兵。”二人勒住军马，忽背后一骑马来报，说：“丞相教军马急回。北原兵、浮桥兵，俱失了。”王平、张嶷大惊，急退军时，却被魏兵抄在背后，一声炮响，一齐杀来，火光冲天。王平、张嶷引兵相迎，两军混战一场。平、嶷二人奋力杀出，蜀兵折伤大半。孔明回到祁山大寨，收聚败兵，约折了万馀人，心中忧闷。

忽报费祎自成都来见丞相。孔明请入。费祎礼毕，孔明曰：“吾有一书，正欲烦公去东吴投递，不知肯去否？”祎曰：“丞相之命，岂敢推辞？”孔明即修书付费祎去了。祎持书径到建业，入见吴主孙权，呈上孔明之书。权拆视之，书略曰：

汉室不幸，王纲失纪，曹贼篡逆，蔓延及今。亮受昭烈皇帝寄托之重，敢不竭力尽忠：今大兵已会于祁山，狂寇将亡于渭水。伏望陛下念同盟之义，命将北征，共取中原，同分天下。书不尽言，万希圣听！

权览毕，大喜，乃谓费祎曰：“朕久欲兴兵，未得会合孔明。今既有书到，即日朕自亲征，入居巢门，取魏新城；再令陆逊、诸葛瑾等屯兵于江夏、沔口取襄阳；孙韶、张承等出兵广陵取淮阳等处。三处一齐进军，共三十万，克日兴师。”费祎拜谢曰：“诚如此，则中原不日自破矣！”权设宴款待费祎。饮宴间，权问曰：“丞相军前，用谁当先破敌？”祎曰：“魏延为首。”权笑曰：“此人勇有馀，而心不正。若一朝无孔明，彼必为祸。孔明岂未知耶？”祎曰：“陛下之言极当！臣今归去，即当以此言告孔明。”遂拜辞孙权，回到祁山，见了孔明，具言吴主起大兵三十万，御驾亲征，兵分三路而进。孔明又问曰：“吴主别有所言否？”费祎将论魏延之语告之。孔明叹曰：“真聪明之主也！吾非不知此人，为惜其勇，故用之耳。”祎曰：“丞相早宜区处。”孔明曰：“吾自有法。”祎辞别孔明，自回成都。

孔明正与诸将商议征进，忽报有魏将来投降。孔明唤入问之，答曰：“某乃魏国偏将军郑文也。近与秦朗同领人马，听司马懿调用。不料懿徇私偏向，加秦朗为前将军，而视文如草芥，因此不平，特来投降丞相。愿赐收录。”言未已，人报秦朗引兵在寨外，单搦郑文交战。孔明曰：“此人武艺比汝若何？”郑文曰：“某当立斩之。”孔明曰：“汝若先杀秦朗，吾方不疑。”郑文欣然上马出营，与秦朗交锋。孔明亲自出营视之。只见秦朗挺枪大骂曰：“反贼盗我战马来此，可早早还我！”言讫，直取郑文。文拍马舞刀相迎，只一合，斩秦朗于马下，魏军各自逃走。郑文提首级入营。孔明回到帐中坐定，唤郑文至，勃然大怒，叱左右：“推出斩之！”郑文曰：“小将无罪！”孔明曰：“吾向识秦朗，汝今斩者，并非秦朗。安敢欺我！”文拜告曰：“此实秦朗之弟秦明也。”孔明笑曰：“司马懿令汝来诈降，于中取事，却如何瞒得我过！若不实说，必然斩汝！”郑文只得诉告其实是诈降，泣求免死。孔明曰：“汝既求生，可修书一封，教司马懿自来劫营，吾便饶汝性命。若捉住司马懿，便是汝之功，还当重用。”郑文只得写了一书，呈与孔明。孔明令将郑文监下。樊建问曰：“丞相何以知此人诈降？”孔明曰：“司马懿不轻用人。若加秦朗为前将军，必武艺高强，今与郑文交马只一合，便为文所杀，必不是秦朗也。以故知其诈。”众皆拜服。

孔明选一舌辩军士，附耳分付如此如此。军士领命，持书径来魏寨，求见司马懿。懿唤入，拆书看毕，问曰：“汝何人也？”答曰：“某乃中原人，流落蜀中，郑文与某同乡。今孔明因郑文有功，用为先锋。郑文特托某来献书，约于明日晚间，举火为号，望乞都督尽提大军前来劫寨，郑文在内为应。”司马懿反覆诘问，又将来书仔细检看，果然是实，即赐军士酒食，分付曰：“本日二更为期，我自来劫寨。大事若成，必重用汝。”军士拜别，回到本寨告知孔明。孔明仗剑步罡，祷祝已毕，唤王平、张嶷分付如此如此；又唤马忠、马岱分付如此如此；又唤魏延分付如此如此。孔明自引数十人，坐于高山之上，指挥众军。

却说司马懿见了郑文之书，便欲引二子提大兵来劫蜀寨。长子司马师谏曰：“父亲何故据片纸而亲入重地？倘有疏虞，如之奈何？不如令别将先去，父亲为后应可也。”懿从之，遂令秦朗引一万兵，去劫蜀寨，懿自引兵接应。是夜初更，风清月朗，将及二更时分，忽然阴云四合，黑气漫空，对面不见。懿大喜曰：“天使我成功也！”于是人尽衔枚，马皆勒口，长驱大进。秦朗当先，引一万兵直杀入蜀寨中，并不见一人。朗知中计，忙叫退兵。四下火把齐明，喊声震地：左有王平、张嶷，右有马岱、马忠，两路兵杀来。秦朗死战，不能得出。背后司马懿见蜀寨火光冲天，喊声不绝，又不知魏兵胜负，只顾催兵接应，望火光中杀来。忽然一声喊起，鼓角喧天，火炮震地：左有魏延，右有姜维，两路杀出。魏兵大败，十伤八九，四散逃奔。此时秦朗所引一万兵，都被蜀兵围住，箭如飞蝗，秦朗死于乱军之中。司马懿引败兵奔入本寨。

三更以后，天复清朗。孔明在山头上鸣金收军。原来二更时阴云暗黑，乃孔明用遁甲之法，后收兵已了，天复清朗，乃孔明驱六丁六甲扫荡浮云也。

当下孔明得胜回寨，命将郑文斩了，再议取渭南之策。每日令兵搦战，魏军只不出迎。孔明自乘小车，来祁山前、渭水东西，踏看地理。忽到一谷口，见其形如葫芦之状，内中可容千馀人；两山又合一谷，可容四五百人；背后两山环抱，只可通一人一骑。孔明看了，心中大喜，问向导官曰：“此处是何地名？”答曰：“此名上方谷，又号葫芦谷。”孔明回到帐中，唤裨将杜睿、胡忠二人，附耳授以密计。令唤集随军匠作一千馀人，入葫芦谷中，制造“木牛”“流马”应用，又令马岱领五百兵守住谷口。孔明嘱马岱曰：“匠作人等，不许放出，外人不许放入。吾还不时自来点视。捉司马懿之计，只在此举，切不可走漏消息。”马岱受命而去。杜睿等二人在谷中监督匠作，依法制造。孔明每日往来指示。

忽一日，长史杨仪入告曰：“即今粮米皆在剑阁，人夫牛马，搬运不便，如之奈何？”孔明笑曰：“吾已运谋多时也。前者所积木料，并西川收买下的大木，教人制造‘木牛’‘流马’，搬运粮米，甚是便利。牛马皆不水食，可以昼夜转运不绝也。”众皆惊曰：“自古及今，未闻有‘木牛’‘流马’之事。不知丞相有何妙法，造此奇物？”孔明曰：“吾已令人依法制造，尚未完备。吾今先将造木牛流马之法，尺寸方圆，长短阔狭，开写明白，汝等视之。”众大喜。孔明即手书一纸，付众观看。众将环绕而视。造木牛之法云：

方腹曲胫，一股四足；头入领中，舌着于腹。载多而行少：独行者数十里，群行者二十里。曲者为牛头，双者为牛足，横者为牛领，转者为牛脚，覆者为牛背，方者为牛腹，垂者为牛舌，曲者为牛肋，刻者为牛齿，立者为牛角，细者为牛鞅，摄者为牛鞦轴。牛仰双辕，人行六尺，牛行四步。每牛载十人所食一月之粮，人不大劳，牛不饮食。

造流马之法云：

肋长三尺五寸，广三寸，厚二寸二分：左右同。前轴孔分墨去头四寸，径中二寸。前脚孔分墨二寸，去前轴孔四寸五分，广一寸。前杠孔去前脚孔分墨二寸七分，孔长二寸，广一寸。后轴孔去前杠分墨一尺五分，大小与前同。后脚孔分墨去后轴孔三寸五分，大小与前同。后杠孔去后脚孔分墨四寸七分，后载克去后杠孔分墨四寸五分。前杠长一尺八寸，广二寸，厚一寸五分。后杠与等。板方囊二枚，厚八分，长二尺七寸，高一尺六寸五分，广一尺六寸：每枚受米二斛三斗。从上杠孔去肋下七寸：前后同。上杠孔去下杠孔分墨一尺三寸，孔长一寸五分，广七分：八孔同。前后四脚广二寸，厚一寸五分。形制如象，靬长四寸，径面四寸二分。孔径中三脚杠，长二尺一寸，广一寸五分，厚一寸四分，同杠耳。

众将看了一遍，皆拜伏曰：“丞相真神人也！”过了数日，木牛流马皆造完备，宛然如活者一般，上山下岭，各尽其便。众军见之，无不欣喜。孔明令右将军高翔，引一千兵驾着木牛流马，自剑阁直抵祁山大寨，往来搬运粮草，供给蜀兵之用。后人有诗赞曰：

剑关险峻驱流马，斜谷崎岖驾木牛。后世若能行此法，输将安得使人愁？

却说司马懿正忧闷间，忽哨马报说：“蜀兵用木牛流马转运粮草。人不大劳，牛马不食。”懿大惊曰：“吾所以坚守不出者，为彼粮草不能接济，欲待其自毙耳。今用此法，必为久远之计，不思退矣。如之奈何？”急唤张虎、乐二人分付曰：“汝二人各引五百军，从斜谷小路抄出，待蜀兵驱过木牛流马，任他过尽，一齐杀出。不可多抢，只抢三五匹便回。”二人依令，各引五百军，扮作蜀兵，夜间偷过小路，伏在谷中，果见高翔引兵驱木牛流马而来。将次过尽，两边一齐鼓噪杀出，蜀兵措手不及，弃下数匹，张虎、乐欢喜，驱回本寨。司马懿看了，果然进退如活的一般，乃大喜曰：“汝会用此法，难道我不会用！”便令巧匠百馀人，当面拆开，分付依其尺寸长短厚薄之法，一样制造木牛流马。不消半月，造成二千馀只，与孔明所造者一般法则，亦能奔走。遂令镇远将军岑威，引一千军驱驾木牛流马，去陇西搬运粮草，往来不绝。魏营军将，无不欢喜。

却说高翔回见孔明，说魏兵抢夺木牛流马各五六匹去了。孔明笑曰：“吾正要他抢去。我只费了几匹木牛流马，却不久便得军中许多资助也。”诸将问曰：“丞相何以知之？”孔明曰：“司马懿见了木牛流马，必然仿我法度，一样制造。那时我又有计策。”数日后，人报魏兵也会造木牛流马，往陇西搬运粮草。孔明大喜曰：“不出吾之算也。”便唤王平分付曰：“汝引一千兵，扮作魏人，星夜偷过北原，只说是巡粮军，径到运粮之所，将护粮之人尽皆杀散，却驱木牛流马而回，径奔过北原来。此处必有魏兵追赶，汝便将木牛流马口内舌头扭转，牛马就不能行动，汝等竟弃之而走。背后魏兵赶到，牵拽不动，扛抬不去。吾再有兵到，汝却回身再将牛马舌扭过来，长驱大行。魏兵必疑为怪也！”王平受计引兵而去。

孔明又唤张嶷分付曰：“汝引五百军，都扮作六丁六甲神兵，鬼头兽身，用五彩涂面，妆作种种怪异之状，一手执绣旗，一手仗宝剑，身挂葫芦，内藏烟火之物，伏于山傍。待木牛流马到时，放起烟火，一齐拥出，驱牛马而行。魏人见之，必疑是神鬼，不敢来追赶。”张嶷受计引兵而去。孔明又唤魏延、姜维分付曰：“汝二人同引一万兵，去北原寨口接应木牛流马，以防交战。”又唤廖化、张翼分付曰：“汝二人引五千兵，去断司马懿来路。”又唤马忠、马岱分付曰：“汝二人引二千兵去渭南搦战。”六人各各遵令而去。

且说魏将岑威引军驱木牛流马，装载粮米，正行之间，忽报前面有兵巡粮。岑威令人哨探，果是魏兵，遂放心前进。两军合在一处，忽然喊声大震，蜀兵就本队里杀起，大呼：“蜀中大将王平在此！”魏兵措手不及，被蜀兵杀死大半。岑威引败兵抵敌，被王平一刀斩了，馀皆溃散。王平引兵尽驱木牛流马而回。败兵飞奔报入北原寨内。郭淮闻军粮被劫，疾忙引军来救。王平令兵扭转木牛流马舌头，皆弃于道上，且战且走。郭淮教且莫追，只驱回木牛流马。众军一齐驱赶，却那里驱得动？郭淮心中疑惑，正无奈何，忽鼓角喧天，喊声四起，两路兵杀来，乃魏延、姜维也，王平复引兵杀回。三路夹攻，郭淮大败而走。王平令军士将牛马舌头，重复扭转，驱赶而行。郭淮望见，方欲回兵再追，只见山后烟云突起，一队神兵拥出，一个个手执旗剑，怪异之状，驱驾木牛流马如风拥而去。郭淮大惊曰：“此必神助也！”众军见了，无不惊畏，不敢追赶。

却说司马懿闻北原兵败，急自引军来救。方到半路，忽一声炮响，两路兵自险峻处杀出，喊声震地，旗上大书：“汉将张翼、廖化”。司马懿见了大惊，魏军着慌，各自逃窜。正是：路逢神将粮遭劫，身遇奇兵命又危。未知司马懿怎地抵敌，且看下文分解。

CHAPTER 102. Sima Yi Occupies The Banks Of River Taurus; Zhuge Liang Constructs Mechanical Bullocks And Horses.

Qiao Zhou, who protested against the war, was Grand Historian. He was also an astrologer. He opposed the war, saying, “My present office involves the direction of the observations on the Astrological Terrace, and I am bound to report whether the aspect forebodes misfortune or promises happiness. Not long since, several flights of thousands of birds came from the south, plunged into River Han and were drowned. This is an evil augury. Moreover, I have studied the aspect of the sky, and the 'Wolf' constellation is influencing the aspect of the planet Venus. An aura of prosperity pervades the north. To attack Wei will not be to our profit. Again, the people in Chengdu say that the cypress trees moan in the night. With so many evil omens, I wish that the Prime Minister should not go forth to war, but remain at home to guard what we have.”

“How can I?” said Zhuge Liang. “His late Majesty laid upon me a heavy responsibility, and I must exert myself to the utmost in the endeavor to destroy these rebels. The policy of a state cannot be changed because of vain and irresponsible talk of inauspicious signs.”

Zhuge Liang was not to be deterred. He instructed the officials to prepare the Great Bovine Sacrifice in the Dynastic Temple. Then, weeping, he prostrated himself and made this declaration:

“Thy servant Zhuge Liang has made five expeditions to Qishan without gaining any extension of territory. His fault weighs heavily upon him. Now once again he is about to march, pledged to use every effort of body and mind to exterminate the rebels against the Han House, and to restore to the dynasty its ancient glory in its old capital. To achieve this end, he would use the last remnant of his strength and could die content.”

The sacrifice ended, he took leave of the Latter Ruler and set out for Hanzhong to make the final arrangements for his march. While so engaged, he received the unexpected news of the death of Guan Xing. He was greatly shocked, and fainted. When he had recovered consciousness, his officers did their utmost to console him.

“How pitiful! Why does Heaven deny long life to the loyal and good? I have lost a most able general just as I am setting out and need him most.”

As all are born, so all must die;

People are as gnats against the sky;

But loyalty or piety

May give them immortality.

The armies of Shu numbered three hundred forty thousand strong, and they marched in five divisions, with Jiang Wei and Wei Yan in the van, and when they had reached Qishan, Li Hui, the Commissary General, was instructed to convey stores into the Xie Valley in readiness.

In Wei they had recently changed the style of the year period to Green Dragon, because a green dragon had been seen to emerge from Mopo Well. The year of the fighting was the second year (AD 234).

The courtiers said to the Ruler of Wei, “The commanders of the passes report thirty or so legions advancing in five divisions from Shu upon Qishan.”

The news distressed the Ruler of Wei, who at once called in Sima Yi and told him of the invasion.

Sima Yi replied, “The aspect of the sky is very auspicious for the Middle Land. The Wolf star has encroached upon the planet Venus, which bodes ill for the Lands of Rivers. Thus Zhuge Liang is pitting his powers against the heavens, and will meet defeat and suffer death. And I, by virtue of Your Majesty's good fortune, am to be the instrument of destruction. I request to name four leaders to go with me.”

“Who are they? Name them,” said the king.

“They are the four sons of Xiahou Yuan: Xiahou Ba, Xiahou Wei, Xiahou Hui, and Xiahou He. Xiahou Ba and Xiahou Wei are trained archers and cavaliers; Xiahou Hui and Xiahou He are deep strategists. All four desire to avenge the death of their father. Xiahou Ba and Xiahou Wei should be leaders of the van; Xiahou Hui and Xiahou He should be Marching Generals, to discuss and arrange plans for the repulse of our enemy.”

“You remember the evil results of employing the 'Dynastic Son-in-Law,' Xiahou Mao; he lost his army and is still too ashamed to return to court. Are you sure these are not of the same kidney?”

“They are not like Xiahou Mao in the least.”

The Ruler of Wei granted the request and named Sima Yi as Commander-in-Chief with the fullest authority. When Sima Yi took leave of the Ruler of Wei, he received a command in Cao Rui's own writing:

“When you, Noble Sir, reach the banks of River Wei and have well fortified that position, you are not to give battle.

The army of Shu, disappointed of their desire, will pretend to retire and so entice you on, but you will not pursue. You will wait till their supplies are consumed and they are compelled to retreat, when you may smite them. Then you will obtain the victory without distressing the army unduly. This is the best plan of campaign.”

Sima Yi took it with bowed head. He proceeded forthwith to Changan. When he had mustered the forces assembled from all western counties, they numbered four hundred thousand, and they were all camped on River Wei. In addition, fifty thousand troops were farther up the stream preparing nine floating bridges. The two leaders of the van, Xiahou Ba and Xiahou Wei, were ordered to cross the river and camp, and in rear of the main camp on the east a solid earth rampart was raised to guard against any surprises from the rear.

While these preparations were in progress, Guo Huai and Sun Li came to the new camp, and the former said, “With the troops of Shu at Qishan, there is a possibility of their dominating River Wei, going up on the plain and pushing out a line to the northern hills whereby to cut off all highways in Xizhou.”

“You say well,” said Sima Yi. “See to it. Take command of all the Xizhou forces, occupy Beiyuan and make a fortified camp there. But adopt a defensive policy; wait till the enemy's food supplies get exhausted before you think of attack.”

So Guo Huai and Sun Li left to carry out these orders.

Meanwhile Zhuge Liang made five main camps at Qishan, and between Xie Valley and Saber Pass he established a line of fourteen large camps. He distributed the troops among these camps as for a long campaign. He appointed inspecting officers to make daily visits to see that all was in readiness.

When he heard that the army of Wei had camped in Beiyuan, he said to his officers, “They camp there fearing that our holding this area will sever connection with Xizhou. I am pretending to look toward Beiyuan, but really my objective is River Wei. I am going to build several large rafts and pile them with straw, and I have five thousand of marines to manage them. In the darkness of the night I shall attack Beiyuan; Sima Yi will come to the rescue. If he is only a little worsted, I shall cross the river with the rear divisions. Then the leading divisions will embark on the rafts, drop down the river, set fire to the floating bridges, and attack the rear of the enemy. I shall lead an army to take the gates of the first camp. If we can get the south bank of the river, the campaign will become simple.”

Then the generals took orders and went to prepare.

The spies carried information of the doings of the troops of Shu to Sima Yi, who said to his generals, “Zhuge Liang has some crafty scheme, but I think I know it. He proposes to make a show of taking Beiyuan, and then, dropping down the river, he will try to burn our bridges, throw our rear into confusion, and then attack our camps.”

So he gave Xiahou Ba and Xiahou Wei orders: “You are to listen for the sounds of battle about Beiyuan; if you hear the shouting, you are to march down to the river, to the hills on the south, and lay an ambush against the troops of Shu as they arrive.”

Zhang Hu and Yue Chen were to lead two other forces, of two thousand of bowmen each, and lie in hiding on the north bank near the bridges to keep off the rafts that might come down on the current and keep them from touching the bridges.

Then he sent for Guo Huai and Sun Li, and said, “Zhuge Liang is coming to Beiyuan to cross the river secretly. Your force is small, and you can hide half way along the road. If the enemy cross the river in the afternoon, that will mean an attack on us in the evening. Then you are to simulate defeat and run. They will pursue. You can shoot with all your energy, and our marines and land troops will attack at once. If the attack is in great force, look out for orders.”

All these orders given, Sima Yi sent his two sons Sima Shi and Sima Zhao to reinforce the front camp, while he led his own army to relieve Beiyuan.

Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Ma Dai to cross River Wei and attack Beiyuan, while the attempt to set fire to the bridges was confided to Wu Ban and Wu Yi. The general attack on the Wei camp by River Wei was to be made by three divisions: the front division under Wang Ping and Zhang Ni, the middle division under Jiang Wei and Ma Zhong, the rear division under Liao Hua and Zhang Yi. The various divisions started at noon and crossed the river, where they slowly formed up in battle order.

Wei Yan and Ma Dai arrived Beiyuan about dusk. The scouts having informed the defenders of their approach, Sun Li abandoned his camp and fled. This told Wei Yan that his attack was expected, and he turned to retire. At this moment a great shouting was heard, and there appeared two bodies of the enemy under Sima Yi and Guo Huai bearing down upon the attackers. Desperate efforts were made to extricate themselves, but many of the soldiers of Shu fell into the river and drowned. The others scattered. However, Wu Yi came up and rescued the force from entire destruction.

Wu Ban set half his troops to navigate the rafts down the river to the bridges. But Zhang Hu and Yue Chen stationed near the bridges shot clouds of arrows at them, and the Shu leader, Wu Ban, was wounded. He fell into the river and was drowned. The crews of the rafts jumped into the water and got away. The rafts fell into the hands of the soldiers of Wei.

At this time the front division under Wang Ping and Zhang Ni were ignorant of the defeat of their Beiyuan army, and they went straight for the camps of Wei. They arrived in the second watch.

They heard loud shouting, and Wang Ping said to Zhang Ni, “We do not know whether the cavalry sent to Beiyuan has been successful or not. It is strange that we do not see a single soldier of the enemy. Surely Sima Yi has found out the plan and prepared to frustrate the attack. Let us wait here till the bridges have been set on fire and we see the flames.”

So they halted. Soon after, a mounted messenger came up with orders: “The Prime Minister bade you retire immediately, as the attack on the bridges has failed.”

Wang Ping and Zhang Ni attempted to withdraw, but a bomb exploded and the troops of Wei, who had taken a by-road to their rear, at once attacked. A great fire started also. A disorderly battle ensued, from which Wang Ping and Zhang Ni eventually forced their ways out, but only with great loss.

And when Zhuge Liang collected his army at Qishan once more he found, to his sorrow, that he had lost more than ten thousand troops.

Just at this time Fei Yi arrived front Chengdu.

Zhuge Liang received him and, after the ceremonies were over, said, “I would trouble you, Sir, to carry a letter for me into East Wu; will you undertake the mission?”

“Could I possibly decline any task you laid upon me?” said Fei Yi.

So Zhuge Liang wrote a letter and sent it to Sun Quan. Fei Yi took it and hastened to Jianye, where he saw Sun Quan, the Ruler of Wu, and presented this letter:

“The Hans have been unfortunate, and the line of rulers has been broken. The Cao party have usurped the seat of government and still hold the command. My late master, Emperor Bei, confided a great task to me, and I must exhaust every effort to achieve it. Now my army is at Qishan, and the rebels are on the verge of destruction on River Wei. I hope Your Majesty, in accordance with your oath of alliance, will send a leader against the north to assist by taking the Middle Land, and the empire can be shared. The full circumstances cannot be told, but I hope you will understand and act.”

Sun Quan was pleased at the news and said to the envoy, “I have long desired to set my arm in motion, but have not been able to arrange with Zhuge Liang. After this letter I will lead an expedition myself and go to Juchao and capture Xincheng of Wei. Moreover, I will send Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to camp at Miankou and Jiangxia, and take Xiangyang. I will also send an army under Sun Shao into Guangling to capture Huaiyang. The total number will be three hundred thousand troops, and they shall start at once.”

Fei Yi thanked him and said, “In such a case the Middle Land will fall forthwith.”

A banquet was prepared. At this, Sun Quan said, “Whom did the Prime Minister send to lead the battle?”

Fei Yi replied, “Wei Yan was the chief leader.”

“A man brave enough, but crooked. One day he will work a mischief unless Zhuge Liang is very wary. But surely he knows.”

“Your Majesty's words are to the point;” said the envoy, “I will return at once and lay them before Zhuge Liang.”

Fei Yi quickly took leave and hastened to Qishan with his news of the intended expedition of Wu.

“Did the Ruler of Wu say nothing else?” asked Zhuge Liang.

Then Fei Yi told him what had been said about Wei Yan.

“Truly a comprehending ruler,” said Zhuge Liang, appreciatively. “But I could not be ignorant of this. However, I use Wei Yan because he is very bold.”

“Then Sir, you ought to decide soon what to do with him.”

“I have a scheme of my own.”

Fei Yi returned to Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang resumed the ordinary camp duties of a leader.

When Zhuge Liang was in a council with his commanders, suddenly a certain Wei leader came and begged to be allowed to surrender. Zhuge Liang had the man brought in and questioned him.

“I am a leader, Zheng Wen by name. General Qin Lang and I are old colleagues. Recently Sima Yi transferred us and, showing great partiality for my colleague, appointed him Leader of the Van and threw me out like a weed. I was disgusted and left, and I wish to join your ranks if you will accept my service.”

Just at that moment a soldier came in to say that Qin Lang with a company had appeared in front of the tents and was challenging Zheng Wen.

Said Zhuge Liang, “How does this man stand with you in fighting skill?”

“I should just kill him,” said Zheng Wen.

“If you were to slay him, that would remove my doubts.”

Zheng Wen accepted the proposer with alacrity, mounted his horse, and away he went. Zhuge Liang went out to see the fight. There was the challenger shaking his spear and reviling his late friend as rebel and brigand and horse-thief.

“Give me back my horse you stole!” cried Qin Lang, galloping toward Zheng Wen as soon as he appeared.

Zheng Wen whipped up his horse, waved his sword, and went to meet the attack. In the first bout he cut down Qin Lang. The Wei soldiers then ran away; the victor hacked off the head of his victim and returned to lay it at Zhuge Liang's feet.

Seated in his tent, Zhuge Liang summoned Zheng Wen and burst out: “Take him away and behead him!”

“I have done nothing wrong!” cried Zheng Wen.

“As if I do not know Qin Lang! The man you have just killed was not Qin Lang. How dare? you try to deceive me?”

Zheng Wen said, “I will own up; but this was his brother Qin Ming.”

Zhuge Liang smiled.

“Sima Yi sent you to try this on for some reason of his own, but he could not throw dust in my eyes. If you do not tell the truth, I will put you to death.”

Thus caught, the false deserter confessed and begged his life.

Zhuge Liang said, “You can save your life by writing a letter to Sima Yi telling him to come to raid our camp. I will spare you on this condition. And if I capture Sima Yi, I will give you all the credit and reward you handsomely.”

There was nothing for it but to agree, and the letter was written. Then Zheng Wen was placed in confinement.

“How did you know this was only a pretended desertion?” said Fan Jian.

“Sima Yi looks to his people,” replied Zhuge Liang. “If he made Qin Lang a leading general, Qin Lang was certainly a man of great military skill and not the sort of man to be overcome by this fellow Zheng Wen in the first encounter. So Zheng Wen's opponent certainly was not Qin Lang. That is how I knew.”

They congratulated him on his perspicacity. Then Zhuge Liang selected a certain persuasive speaker from among his officers and whispered certain instructions in his ear. The officer at once left and carried the letter just written to the Wei camp, where he asked to see the Commander-in-Chief. He was admitted, and the letter was read.

“Who are you?” said Sima Yi.

“I am a man from the Middle Land, a poor fellow stranded in Shu. Zheng Wen and I are fellow villagers. Zhuge Liang has given Zheng Wen a van-leadership as a reward for what he has done, and Zheng Wen got me to bring this letter to you and to say that he will show a light tomorrow evening as a signal, and he hopes you will lead the attack yourself. Zheng Wen will work from the inside in your favor.”

Sima Yi took great pains to test the reliability of these statements, and he examined the letter minutely to see if it bore any signs of fabrication, but he found it was Zheng Wen's writing.

Presently he ordered in refreshments for the bearer of the letter, and then he said, “We will fix today at the second watch for the raid, and I will lead in person. If it succeeds, I will give you a good appointment as a reward.”

Taking leave, the soldier retraced his steps to his own camp and reported the whole interview to Zhuge Liang.

Zhuge Liang held his sword aloft toward the North Star, took the proper paces for an incantation, and prayed. This done, he summoned Wang Ping, Zhang Ni, Wei Yan, Ma Dai, Ma Zhong, and Jiang Wei, to whom he gave certain instructions. When they had gone to carry them out, he ascended a hill, taking with him a few score guards only.

Sima Yi had been taken in by Zheng Wen's letter and intended to lead the night raid. But the elder of his sons, Sima Shi, expostulated with his father.

“Father, you are going on a dangerous expedition on the faith of a mere scrap of paper,” said his son. “I think it imprudent. What if something goes unexpectedly wrong? Let some general go in your place, and you come up in rear as a reserve.”

Sima Yi saw there was reason in this proposal, and he finally decided to send Qin Lang, with ten thousand troops, and Sima Yi himself would command the reserve.

The night was fine with a bright moon. But about the middle of the second watch the sky clouded over, and it became very black, so that a man could not see his next neighbor.

“This is providential,” chuckled Sima Yi.

The expedition duly started, soldiers with gags, and horses with cords round their muzzles. They moved swiftly and silently, and Qin Lang made straight for the camp of Shu.

But when he reached it, and entered, and saw not a soldier, he knew he had been tricked. He yelled to his troops to retire, but lights sprang up all round, and attacks began from four sides. Fight as he would, Qin Lang could not free himself.

From behind the battle area Sima Yi saw flames rising from the camp of Shu and heard continuous shouting, but he knew not whether it meant victory for his own army or to his enemy. He pressed forward toward the fire. Suddenly, a shout, a roll of drums, and a blare of trumpets close at hand, a bomb that seemed to rend the earth, and Wei Yan and Jiang Wei bore down upon Sima Yi, one on each flank. This was the final blow to him. Of every ten soldiers of Wei, eight or nine were killed or wounded, and the few others scattered to the four winds.

Meanwhile Qin Lang's ten thousand troops were falling under arrows that came in locust-flights, and their leader was killed. Sima Yi and the remnant of his army ran away to their own camp.

After the third watch the sky cleared. Zhuge Liang from the hill-top sounded the gong of retreat. This obscurity in the third watch was due to an incantation called “Concealing Method.” The sky became clear, because Zhuge Liang performed another incantation to have the Deities of Six Layers sweep away the few floating clouds that still persisted.

The victory was complete. The first order on Zhuge Liang's return to camp was to put Zheng Wen to death.

Next he considered new plans for capturing the south bank. Every day be sent a party to offer a challenge before the camps of the enemy, but no one accepted.

One day Zhuge Liang rode in his small chariot to the front of the Qishan Mountains, keenly scanned the course of River Wei and carefully surveyed the lie of the land. Presently he came to a valley shaped like a bottle-gourd, large enough to form a hiding place for a whole thousand soldiers in the inner recess, while half as many more could hide in the outer. In rear the mountains were so close that they left passage only for a single horseman. The discovery pleased the general mightily, and he asked the guides what the place was called.

They replied, “It is called Shangfang Valley, and nicknamed Gourd Valley.”

Returning to his camp, he called up two leaders named Du Rui and Hu Zhong and whispered into their ears certain secret orders. Next he called up a thousand craftspeople and sent them into the Gourd Valley to construct “wooden oxen and running horses” for the use of the troops. Finally he set Ma Dai with five hundred troops to guard the mouth of the Gourd Valley and prevent all entrance and exit.

Zhuge Liang said, “People from outside cannot enter, from inside cannot exit. I will visit the valley at irregular intervals to inspect the work. A plan for the defeat of Sima Yi is being prepared here and must be kept a profound secret.”

Ma Dai left to take up the position. The two generals, Du Rui and Hu Zhong, were superintendents of the work in the Gourd Valley. Zhuge Liang came every day to give instructions.

One day Yang Yi went to Zhuge Liang and said, “The stores of grain are all at Saber Pass, and the labor of transport is very heavy. What can be done?”

Zhuge Liang replied, smiling, “I have had a scheme ready for a long time. The timber that I collected and bought in the Lands of Rivers was for the construction of wooden transport animals to convey grain. It will be very advantageous, as they will require neither food nor water and they can keep on the move day and night without resting.”

All those within hearing said, “From old days till now no one has ever heard of such a device. What excellent plan have you, O Minister, to make such marvelous creatures?”

“They are being made now after my plans, but they are not yet ready. Here I have the sketches for these mechanical oxen and horses, with all their dimensions written out in full. You may see the details.”

Zhuge Liang then produced a paper, and all the generals crowded round to look at it. They were all greatly astonished and lauded, “The Prime Minister is superhuman!”

A few days later the new mechanical animals were complete and began work. They were quite life-like and went over the hills in any desired direction. The whole army saw them with delight. They were but in charge of General Gao Xiang and a thousand soldiers to guide them. They kept going constantly between Saber Pass and the front carrying grain for the use of the soldiers.

Along the Saber Pass mountain roads

The running horses bore their loads,

And through Xie Valley's narrow way

The wooden oxen paced each day.

O generals, use these means today,

And transport troubles take away.

Sima Yi was already sad enough at his defeat, when the spies told him of these wooden bullocks and horses of new design which the soldiers of Shu were using to convey their grain.

This troubled him still more, and he said to his generals, “I knew the transportation from the Lands of Rivers was difficult; therefore, I shut the gates and remained on the defensive waiting for the enemy to be starved. With this device, they may never be compelled to retreat for want of food.”

Then he called up Zhang Hu and Yue Chen and gave orders: “Each of you with five hundred troops will goes to the Xie Valley by by-roads. When you see the Shu soldiers transport their grain by, you are to let them through, but only to attack at the end and capture four or five of the wooden horses and bullocks.”

So a thousand soldiers went on this service disguised as soldiers of Shu. They made their way along the by-ways by night and hid. Presently the wooden convoy came along under the escort of Gao Xiang. Just as the end of it was passing, they made a sudden rush, and captured a few of the “animals” which the soldiers of Shu abandoned. In high glee they took them to their own camp.

When Sima Yi saw them, he had to confess they were very life-like. But what pleased him most was that he could imitate them now that he had models.

“If Zhuge Liang can use this sort of thing, it would be strange if I could not,” said he.

He called to him many clever craftspeople and made them then and there take the machines to pieces and make some exactly like them. In less than half a month, they had completed a couple of thousand after Zhuge Liang's models, and the new mechanical animals could move. Then Sima Yi placed Cen Wei, General Who Guards the Frontiers, in charge of this new means of transport, and the “animals” began to ply between the camp and Xizhou. The Wei soldiers were filled with joys.

Gao Xiang returned to camp and reported the loss of a few of his wooden oxen and horses.

“I wished him to capture some of them,” said Zhuge Liang, much pleased. “I am just laying out these few, and before long I shall get some very solid help in exchange.”

“How do you know, O Minister,” said his officers.

“Because Sima Yi will certainly copy them; and when he has done that, I have another plan ready to play on him.”

Some days later Zhuge Liang received a report that the enemy were using the same sort of wooden bullocks and horses to bring up supplies from Xizhou.

“Exactly as I thought,” said be.

Calling Wang Ping, he said, “Dress up a thousand soldiers as those of Wei, and find your way quickly and secretly to Beiyuan. Tell them that you are escort for the convoy, and mingle with the real escort. Then suddenly turn on them so that they scatter. Next you will turn the herd this way. By and by you will be pursued. When that occurs, you will give a turn to the tongues of the wooden animals, and they will be locked from movement. Leave them where they are and run away. When the soldiers of Wei come up, they will be unable to drag the creatures and equally unable to carry them. I shall have soldiers ready, and you will go back with them, give the tongues a backward turn and bring the convoy here, The enemy will be greatly astonished.”

Next he called Zhang Ni and said, “Dress up five hundred soldiers in the costume of the Deities of the Six Layers so that they appear supernatural. Fit them with demon heads and wild beast shapes, and let them stain their faces various colors so as to look as strange as possible. Give them flags and swords and bottle-gourds with smoke issuing from combustibles inside. Let these soldiers hide among the hills till the convoy approaches, when they will start the smoke, rush out suddenly and drive off the wooden animals. No one will dare pursue such uncanny company.”

When Zhang Ni had left, Wei Yan and Jiang Wei were called.

“You will take ten thousand troops, go to the border of Beiyuan to receive the wooden transport creatures and defend them against attack.”

Then another five thousand under Zhang Yi and Liao Hua was sent to check Sima Yi if he should come, while a small force under Ma Dai and Ma Zhong was sent to bid defiance to the enemy near their camp on the south bank.

So one day when a convoy was on its way from Xizhou, the scouts in front suddenly reported some soldiers ahead who said they were escort for the grain. Commander Cen Wei halted and sent to inquire. It appeared the newcomers were really the soldiers of Wei, however, and so he started once more.

The newcomers joined up with his own troops. But before they had gone much farther, there was a yell, and the men of Shu began to kill, while a voice shouted, “Wang Ping is here!”

The convoy guard were taken aback. Many were killed, but the others rallied round Cen Wei and made some defense. However, Wang Ping slew Cen Wei, and the others ran this way and that, while the convoy was turned toward the Shu camp.

The fugitives ran off to Beiyuan and reported the mishap to Guo Huai, who set out hot foot to rescue the convoy. When he appeared, Wang Ping gave the order to turn tongues, left the wooden animals in the road, and ran away. Guo Huai made no attempt to pursue, but tried to put the wooden animals in motion toward their proper destination. But he could not move them.

He was greatly perplexed. Then suddenly there arose the roll of drums all round, and out burst two parties of soldiers. These were Wei Yan and Jiang Wei's troops, and when they appeared Wang Ping's soldiers faced about and came to the attack as well. These three being too much for Guo Huai; he retreated before them. Thereupon the tongues were turned back again and the wooden herd set in motion.

Seeing this, Guo Huai came on again. But just then he saw smoke curling up among the hills and a lot of extraordinary creatures burst out upon him. Some held swords and some flags, and all were terrible to look at. They rushed at the wooden animals and urged them away.

“Truly these are supernatural helpers,” cried Guo Huai, quite frightened.

The soldiers also were terror-stricken and stood still.

Hearing that his Beiyuan troops had been driven off, Sima Yi came out to the rescue. Midway along the road, just where it was most precipitous, a cohort burst out upon him with fierce yells and bursting bombs. Upon the leading banner he read “Zhang Yi and Liao Hua, Generals of Han”.

Panic seized upon his army, and they ran like winds.

In the field the craftier leader on the convoy makes a raid,

And his rival's life endangers by an ambush subtly laid.

If you would know the upshot, read the next chapter.